{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T02:07:19Z","timestamp":1779934039439,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the present study was to quantify joint kinematics through a wearable sensor system in multidirectional high-speed complex movements used in a protocol for rehabilitation and return to sport assessment after Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury, and to validate it against a gold standard optoelectronic marker-based system. Thirty-four healthy athletes were evaluated through a full-body wearable sensor (MTw Awinda, Xsens) and a marker-based optoelectronic (Vicon Nexus, Vicon) system during the execution of three tasks: drop jump, forward sprint, and 90\u00b0 change of direction. Clinically relevant joint angles of lower limbs and trunk were compared through Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient (r), and the Coefficient of Multiple Correlation (CMC). An excellent agreement (r &gt; 0.94, CMC &gt; 0.96) was found for knee and hip sagittal plane kinematics in all the movements. A fair-to-excellent agreement was found for frontal (r 0.55\u20130.96, CMC 0.63\u20130.96) and transverse (r 0.45\u20130.84, CMC 0.59\u20130.90) plane kinematics. Movement complexity slightly affected the agreement between the systems. The system based on wearable sensors showed fair-to-excellent concurrent validity in the evaluation of the specific joint parameters commonly used in rehabilitation and return to sport assessment after ACL injury for complex movements. The ACL professionals could benefit from full-body wearable technology in the on-field rehabilitation of athletes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]],"date-time":"2021-03-28T23:27:25Z","timestamp":1616974045000},"page":"2331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Rehabilitation and Return to Sport Assessment after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: Quantifying Joint Kinematics during Complex High-Speed Tasks through Wearable Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1761-7352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Di Paolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5795-2606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola Francesco","family":"Lopomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9379-6666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Della Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Isokinetic Medical Group, Educational &amp; Research Department, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, 40132 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3352-8296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Paolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GPEM srl, 07041 Alghero, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Figari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GPEM srl, 07041 Alghero, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4773-2300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Bragonzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic II, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2941-1407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Zaffagnini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic II, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101247","article-title":"Systematic Video Analysis of ACL Injuries in Professional Male Football (Soccer): Injury Mechanisms, Situational Patterns and Biomechanics Study on 134 Consecutive Cases","volume":"54","author":"Buckthorpe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. 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