{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T18:43:30Z","timestamp":1776278610452,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"WORKINGAGE: Smart Working environments for all Ages","award":["826232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["826232"]}]},{"name":"SIMUSAFE: Simulator Of Behavioral Aspects For Safer Transport","award":["723386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["723386"]}]},{"name":"SAFEMODE: Strengthening synergies between Aviation and maritime in the area of human Factors towards achieving more Efficient and resilient MODE of transportation","award":["814961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["814961"]}]},{"name":"MINDTOOTH: Wearable device to decode human mind by neurometrics for a new concept of smart interaction with the surrounding environment","award":["950998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950998"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The capability of monitoring user\u2019s performance represents a crucial aspect to improve safety and efficiency of several human-related activities. Human errors are indeed among the major causes of work-related accidents. Assessing human factors (HFs) could prevent these accidents through specific neurophysiological signals\u2019 evaluation but laboratory sensors require highly-specialized operators and imply a certain grade of invasiveness which could negatively interfere with the worker\u2019s activity. On the contrary, consumer wearables are characterized by their ease of use and their comfortability, other than being cheaper compared to laboratory technologies. Therefore, wearable sensors could represent an ideal substitute for laboratory technologies for a real-time assessment of human performances in ecological settings. The present study aimed at assessing the reliability and capability of consumer wearable devices (i.e., Empatica E4 and Muse 2) in discriminating specific mental states compared to laboratory equipment. The electrooculographic (EOG), electrodermal activity (EDA) and photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals were acquired from a group of 17 volunteers who took part to the experimental protocol in which different working scenarios were simulated to induce different levels of mental workload, stress, and emotional state. The results demonstrated that the parameters computed by the consumer wearable and laboratory sensors were positively and significantly correlated and exhibited the same evidences in terms of mental states discrimination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]],"date-time":"2021-03-28T23:27:25Z","timestamp":1616974045000},"page":"2332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Wearable Technologies for Mental Workload, Stress, and Emotional State Assessment during Working-Like Tasks: A Comparison with Laboratory Technologies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6220-3389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Giorgi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainSigns, SRL, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7174-6331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Ronca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainSigns, SRL, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Vozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainSigns, SRL, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Nicolina","family":"Sciaraffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainSigns, SRL, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Antonello","family":"di Florio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainSigns, SRL, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Tamborra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Ernst &amp; Young, Department People Advisory Services, 00187 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Simonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Ernst &amp; Young, Department People Advisory Services, 00187 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3831-6620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Aric\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainSigns, SRL, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Business and Management, LUISS University, 00197 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4426-051X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Di Flumeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainSigns, SRL, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Business and Management, LUISS University, 00197 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainSigns, SRL, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Business and Management, LUISS University, 00197 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8560-5671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Borghini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainSigns, SRL, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Business and Management, LUISS University, 00197 Rome, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4258\/hir.2017.23.1.4","article-title":"Wearable devices in medical internet of things: Scientific research and commercially available devices","volume":"23","author":"Haghi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Healthc. 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