{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T19:12:29Z","timestamp":1783537949070,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]],"date-time":"2021-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to resolve spectral alias due to under sampling in traditional stationary-wave integrated Fourier transform (SWIFT) spectrometers, an all-on-chip waveguide based on dual tunable Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) stationary-wave integrated Fourier transform technology (DTM-SWIFT) is proposed. Several gold nanowires are asymmetrically positioned at two sides of zero optical path difference and scatter the interference fringes information, which can avoid aliasing of spectral signals and help to gain high spectral resolution. A systematic theoretical analysis is carried on in detail, including the optical distribution characteristics based on multi-beam interference, stationary-wave theorem and signal reconstruction method based on the FT technology. The results show that the method can complete a resolution of 6 nm for Gauss spectrum reconstruction using only 6 gold nanowires, and a resolution of 5 cm\u22121 for Raman spectrum reconstruction using 25 gold nanowires.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]],"date-time":"2021-03-28T23:27:25Z","timestamp":1616974045000},"page":"2352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Dual Tunable MZIs Stationary-Wave Integrated Fourier Transform Spectrum Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Xinyang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology &amp; System, Education Ministry of China, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peijian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology &amp; System, Education Ministry of China, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology &amp; System, Education Ministry of China, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology &amp; System, Education Ministry of China, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology &amp; System, Education Ministry of China, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2016.05.131","article-title":"Imaging and chemical surface analysis of biomolecular functionalization of monolithically integrated on silicon Mach-Zehnder interferometric immunosensors","volume":"385","author":"Gajos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.08.056","article-title":"Integrated chemiluminescence-based lab-on-chip for detection of life markers in extraterrestrial environments","volume":"123","author":"Nascetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.12.050","article-title":"Development of a lab-on-chip electrochemical biosensor for water quality analysis based on microalgal photosynthesis","volume":"79","author":"Tsopela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"2701108","article-title":"Free-Form optics enhanced confocal raman spectroscopy for optofluidic Lab-on-Chips","volume":"21","author":"Loterie","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13106","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.013106","article-title":"Monolithic silicon-photonic platforms in state-of-the-art CMOS SOI processes","volume":"26","author":"Stojanovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03156-5","article-title":"Sulpting nanoparticle dynamics for single-bacteria-level screening and direct binding-efficiency measurement","volume":"9","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8683","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cs60173k","article-title":"Waveguide-enhanced mid-infrared chem\/bio sensors","volume":"42","author":"Mizaikoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.42.001440","article-title":"Demonstration of a compressive-sensing Fourier-transform on-chip spectrometer","volume":"42","author":"Podmore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1177\/0003702816638295","article-title":"On-chip micro-electro-mechanical system Fourier transform infrared (MEMS FT-IR) spectrometer-based gas sensing","volume":"70","author":"Erfan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6101","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.006101","article-title":"Silicon-on-insulator spectrometers with integrated GaInAsSb photodiodes for wide-band spectroscopy from 1510 to 2300 nm","volume":"21","author":"Ryckeboer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2016.2488","article-title":"Low loss 100 GHz spacing Si arrayed-waveguide grating using minimal terrace at slab-array interface","volume":"52","author":"Okayama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2019.2922425","article-title":"Low-Crosstalk silicon nitride arrayed waveguide grating for the 800-nm band","volume":"31","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161119","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4826114","article-title":"Germanium-on-silicon planar concave grating wavelength (de)multiplexers in the mid-infrared","volume":"103","author":"Malik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2013.02.032","article-title":"Focusing and demultiplexing of an in-plane hybrid plasmonic mode based on the planar concave grating","volume":"298","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2007.893025","article-title":"Planar concave grating demultiplexer fabricated on a nanophotonic silicon-on-insulator platform","volume":"25","author":"Brouckaert","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2009.2039680","article-title":"Silicon-on-Insulator spectral filters fabricated with CMOS technology","volume":"16","author":"Bogaerts","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17060","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.017060","article-title":"Planar photonic crystal microspectrometers in silicon-nitride for the visible range","volume":"17","author":"Momeni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2009.04.052","article-title":"Integrated photonic crystal spectrometers for sensing applications","volume":"282","author":"Momeni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2013.190","article-title":"Compact spectrometer based on a disordered photonic chip","volume":"7","author":"Redding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3523","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.41.003523","article-title":"On-chip plasmonic spectrometer","volume":"41","author":"Tsur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"5481","article-title":"Manipulating magnetic plasmon propagation in metallic nanocluster networks","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2014.01.070","article-title":"Plasmonics: A route to design an optical demultiplexer based on gold nanorings arrays to operate at near infrared region (NIR)","volume":"321","author":"Golmohammadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.35.002103","article-title":"Fabrication of Fourier-transform, integrated-optic spatial heterodyne spectrometer on silica-based planar waveguide","volume":"35","author":"Okamoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2005.12.022","article-title":"Micromachined Fourier transform spectrometer on silicon optical bench platform","volume":"130","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator A-Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2007.138","article-title":"Wavelength-scale stationary-wave integrated Fourier-transform spectrometry","volume":"1","author":"Blaize","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-019-0529-9","article-title":"An integrated broadband spectrometer on thin-film lithium niobate","volume":"14","author":"Pohl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701046","DOI":"10.1117\/12.788913","article-title":"A SWIFTS operating in visible and near-infrared","volume":"7010","author":"Ferrand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.38.000706","article-title":"High-resolution Fourier-transform spectrometer chip with microphotonic silicon spiral waveguides","volume":"38","author":"Velasco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5021","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.43.005021","article-title":"Integrated broadband dual-polarization Ge-rich SiGe mid-infrared Fourier-transform spectrometer","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50947-x","article-title":"On-chip Fourier-transform spectrometer based on spatial heterodyning tuned by thermo-optic effect","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4900","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2018.2865227","article-title":"All integrated lithium niobate standing wave Fourier transform electro-optic spectrometer","volume":"36","author":"Loridat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"95160B","article-title":"Expanding sampling in a SWIFTS-Lippmann spectrometer using an electro-optic Mach-Zehnder modulator","volume":"9516","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042402","DOI":"10.7567\/APEX.6.042402","article-title":"The thermo optic coefficient of amorphous SiN films in the near-infrared and visible regions and its experimental determination","volume":"6","author":"Zanatta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Express"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2701009","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2016.2561622","article-title":"Thermo-optic characterization of silicon nitride resonators for cryogenic photonic circuits","volume":"8","author":"Elshaari","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4338","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2014.2353773","article-title":"First results in near and mid IR lithium niobate-based integrated optics interferometer based on SWIFTS-Lippmann concept","volume":"32","author":"Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/7\/2352\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:53:13Z","timestamp":1760363593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/7\/2352"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s21072352"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21072352","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]]}}}