{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T12:40:21Z","timestamp":1763037621282,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]],"date-time":"2021-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008783","name":"National Research Council of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CAP-17-04-KRISS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAP-17-04-KRISS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008783","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Korean Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","award":["N0001883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N0001883"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel harvesting interface for multiple piezoelectric transducers (PZTs) is proposed for high-voltage energy harvesting. Pre-biasing a PZT prior to its mechanical deformation increases its damping force, resulting in higher energy extraction. Unlike the conventional harvesters where a PZT-generated output is assumed to be continuous sinusoidal and output polarity is assumed to be alternating every cycle, PZT-generated output from human motion is expected to be random. Therefore, in the proposed approach, energy is invested to the PZT only when PZT deformation is detected. Upon the motion detection, energy stored at a storage capacitor (CSTOR) from earlier energy harvesting cycle is invested to pre-bias PZT, enhancing energy extraction. The harvested energy is transferred to back CSTOR for energy investment on the next cycle and then excess energy is transferred to the battery. In addition, partial electric charge extraction (PECE) is adapted to extract a partial amount of charges from the PZT every time its voltage approaches the process limit of 40 V. Simulations with 0.35 \u00b5m BCD process show 7.61\u00d7 (with PECE only) and 8.38\u00d7 (with PECE and energy investment) improvement compared to the conventional rectifier-based harvesting scheme Proposed harvesting interface successfully harvests energy from excitations with open-circuit voltages up to 100 V.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]],"date-time":"2021-03-28T23:27:25Z","timestamp":1616974045000},"page":"2357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Dual Piezoelectric Energy Investing and Harvesting Interface for High-Voltage Input"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0760-9287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Bilawal","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7682-9961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Saif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Kyoungho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Changwon 51543, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9468-1692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoonmyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Dong, Y., Park, J.H., Lin, L., Tang, T., Zhang, M., Wu, H., Zhang, L., Tan, J.S.Y., and Yoo, J. (2020, January 16\u201320). Human-Body-Coupled Power-Delivery and Ambient-Energy-Harvesting ICs for a Full-Body-Area Power Sustainability. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference-(ISSCC), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC19947.2020.9063042"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.-T., Heo, B.-R., and Kwon, I. (2021). An Energy-Efficient UWB Transmitter with Wireless Injection Locking for RF Energy-Harvesting Sensors. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041426"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, D., Abbasizadeh, H., Kim, S.-Y., Khan, Z., Shah, S., Pu, Y., Hwang, K., Yang, Y., Lee, M., and Lee, K.-Y. (2018). A Design of Ambient RF Energy Harvester with Sensitivity of \u221221 dBm and Power Efficiency of a 39.3% Using Internal Threshold Voltage Compensation. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11051258"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, C.V., Nguyen, M.T., Quyen, T.V., Le, A.M., Masaracchia, A., Nguyen, H.T., Nguyen, H.P., Nguyen, L.D., Nguyen, H.T., and Nguyen, V.Q. (2020). Hybrid Solar-RF Energy Harvesting Systems for Electric Operated Wheelchairs. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9050752"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2015.2476379","article-title":"A 400 nW Single-Inductor Dual-Input\u2013Tri-Output DC\u2013DC Buck\u2013Boost Converter With Maximum Power Point Tracking for Indoor Photovoltaic Energy Harvesting","volume":"50","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2016.2563782","article-title":"Fully Integrated Startup at 70 mV of Boost Converters for Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting","volume":"51","author":"Goeppert","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, Y., Choo, D.K., Oh, S., Lee, I., Jang, T., Kim, Y., Lim, J., Blaauw, D., and Sylvester, D. (2019, January 17\u201321). An Adiabatic Sense and Set Rectifier for Improved Maximum-Power-Point Tracking in Piezoelectric Harvesting with 541% Energy Extraction Gain. Proceedings of the Digest of Technical Papers-IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2019.8662341"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, J., and Tanzawa, T. (2020). An Optimum Design of Clocked AC-DC Charge Pump Circuits for Vibration Energy Harvesting. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9122031"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teso-Fz-Beto\u00f1o, D., Aramendia, I., Martinez-Rico, J., Fernandez-Gamiz, U., and Zulueta, E. (2020). Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Controlled with an IGBT H-Bridge and Bidirectional Buck\u2013Boost for Low-Cost 4G Devices. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20247039"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2017.2702667","article-title":"A 2.6 \u00b5W \u20131.2 mW Autonomous Electromagnetic Vibration Energy Harvester Interface IC with Conduction-Angle-Controlled MPPT and up to 95% Efficiency","volume":"52","author":"Leicht","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, I., Maeng, J., Lim, D., Shim, M., Jeong, J., and Kim, C. (2018, January 11\u201315). A 4.5-to-16\u03bcW integrated triboelectric energy-harvesting system based on high-voltage dual-input buck converter with MPPT and 70V maximum input voltage. Proceedings of the Digest of Technical Papers-IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2018.8310226"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.B., Kim, D.H., Han, J.H., Saif, H., Lee, H., Lee, Y., Kim, M., Jang, E., Joe, D.J., and Lee, K.J. (2020). A Harvesting Circuit for Flexible Thin Film Piezoelectric Generator Achieving 562% Energy Extraction Improvement with Load Screening. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2020.3044782"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Lee, M., Park, M.-J., Jung, S.-Y., and Kim, J. (2015, January 17\u201319). A 2.5-V, 160-\u03bcJ-output piezoelectric energy harvester and power management IC for batteryless wireless switch (BWS) applications. Proceedings of the 2015 Symposium on VLSI Circuits (VLSI Circuits), Kyoto, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/VLSIC.2015.7231291"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R175","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/17\/12\/R01","article-title":"Energy harvesting vibration sources for microsystems applications","volume":"17","author":"Beeby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2008.927494","article-title":"Energy harvesting from human and machine motion for wireless electronic devices","volume":"96","author":"Mitcheson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2013.11.007","article-title":"Development of high performance piezoelectric d33 mode MEMS vibration energy harvester based on PMN-PT single crystal thick film","volume":"205","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javvaji, S., Singhal, V., Menezes, V., Chauhan, R., and Pavan, S. (2018, January 3\u20136). Multi-Step Bias-Flip Rectification for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting. Proceedings of the ESSCIRC 2018-IEEE 44th European Solid State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC), Dresden, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ESSCIRC.2018.8494272"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mystkowski, A., and Ostasevicius, V. (2020). Experimental study of macro fiber composite-magnet energy harvester for self-powered active magnetic bearing rotor vibration sensor. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13184806"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, S.C., Lee, B.S., Wu, W.J., and Lee, C.K. (2009, January 20\u201323). Multi-cantilever piezoelectric MEMS generator in energy harvesting. Proceedings of the Proceedings-IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2009.5441451"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2013.01.008","article-title":"Enhanced energy harvesting using multiple piezoelectric elements: Theory and experiments","volume":"200","author":"Hunstig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041002","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2890402","article-title":"A distributed parameter electromechanical model for cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvesters","volume":"130","author":"Erturk","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vib. Acoust. Trans. ASME"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.2514\/1.25047","article-title":"Experimental verification of models for microfabricated piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters","volume":"45","author":"DuToit","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2005.1428041","article-title":"Toward energy harvesting using active materials and conversion improvement by nonlinear processing","volume":"52","author":"Guyomar","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/13\/5\/018","article-title":"A piezoelectric vibration based generator for wireless electronics","volume":"13","author":"Roundy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2009.2034442","article-title":"An Efficient Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Interface Circuit Using a Bias-Flip Rectifier and Shared Inductor","volume":"45","author":"Ramadass","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2002.802194","article-title":"Adaptive piezoelectric energy harvesting circuit for wireless remote power supply","volume":"17","author":"Ottman","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2012.2200530","article-title":"A fully autonomous integrated interface circuit for piezoelectric harvesters","volume":"47","author":"Hehn","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2019.01.049","article-title":"Performance improvement of flexible piezoelectric energy harvester for irregular human motion with energy extraction enhancement circuit","volume":"58","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.B., Saif, H., and Lee, Y. (2019, January 4\u20136). A Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Interface for Irregular High Voltage Input with Partial Electric Charge Extraction with 3.9\u00d7 Extraction Improvement. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference, Macao, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/A-SSCC47793.2019.9056937"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2014.2342721","article-title":"A single-inductor 0.35 \u03bcm CMOS energy-investing piezoelectric harvester","volume":"49","author":"Kwon","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X05053150","article-title":"Efficiency enhancement of a piezoelectric energy harvesting device in pulsed operation by synchronous charge inversion","volume":"16","author":"Badel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez, D.A., Leicht, J., Jodka, E., Fazel, E., and Manoli, Y. (February, January 31). A 4\u00b5W-to-1mW parallel-SSHI rectifier for piezoelectric energy harvesting of periodic and shock excitations with inductor sharing, cold start-up and up to 681% power extraction improvement. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2016.7418059"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quelen, A., Morel, A., Gasnier, P., Grezaud, R., Monfray, S., and Pillonnet, G. (2018, January 11\u201315). A 30nA quiescent 80nW-to-14mW power-range shock-optimized SECE-based piezoelectric harvesting interface with 420% harvested-energy improvement. Proceedings of the Digest of Technical Papers-IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2018.8310228"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X05056859","article-title":"Piezoelectric energy harvesting device optimization by synchronous electric charge extraction","volume":"16","author":"Lefeuvre","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, M., Ibrahim, A., Xue, T., Yeo, H.G., Wang, D., Roundy, S., Trolier-McKinstry, S., and Kiani, M. (2019, January 17\u201321). Multi-Beam Shared-Inductor Reconfigurable Voltage\/SECE-Mode Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting of Multi-Axial Human Motion. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference-(ISSCC), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2019.8662414"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, Y., and Manoli, Y. (2017, January 11\u201314). A piezoelectric energy harvester interface circuit with adaptive conjugate impedance matching, self-startup and 71% broader bandwidth. Proceedings of the ESSCIRC 2017-43rd IEEE European Solid State Circuits Conference, Leuven, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/ESSCIRC.2017.8094540"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saif, H., Khan, M.B., Lee, J., Lee, K., and Lee, Y. (2019). A High-Voltage Energy-Harvesting Interface for Irregular Kinetic Energy Harvesting in IoT Systems with 1365% Improvement Using All-NMOS Power Switches and Ultra-low Quiescent Current Controller. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19173685"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201400642","article-title":"Flexible Piezoelectric Thin-Film Energy Harvesters and Nanosensors for Biomedical Applications","volume":"4","author":"Hwang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201305659","article-title":"Highly-efficient, flexible piezoelectric PZT thin film nanogenerator on plastic substrates","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, I., Maeng, J., Shim, M., Jeong, J., and Kim, C. (2019, January 9\u201314). A Bidirectional High-Voltage Dual-Input Buck Converter for Triboelectric Energy-Harvesting Interface Achieving 70.72% End-to-End Efficiency. Proceedings of the 2019 Symposium on VLSI Circuits, Kyoto, Japan.","DOI":"10.23919\/VLSIC.2019.8778018"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Chew, Z.J., and Zhu, M. (November, January 30). Combined power extraction with adaptive power management module for increased piezoelectric energy harvesting to power wireless sensor nodes. Proceedings of the Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saif, H., Lee, Y., Kim, M., Lee, H., Khan, M.B., and Lee, Y. (2017, January 6\u20138). A wide load and voltage range switched-capacitor DC-DC converter with load-dependent configurability for DVS implementation in miniature sensors. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference, Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ASSCC.2017.8240232"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Razavi, B. (2001). Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN-10: 1259255093, ISBN-13: 978-1259255090."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.B., Saif, H., and Lee, Y. (2020). A Piezoelectric Harvesting Interface with Capacitive Partial Electric Charge Extraction for Energy Harvesting from Irregular High-Voltage Input. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13081939"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/7\/2357\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:25:28Z","timestamp":1760361928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/7\/2357"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s21072357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21072357","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]]}}}