{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T01:20:19Z","timestamp":1780104019962,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18-28126Y"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-28126Y"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Center of Excellence","award":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16-019\/0000845"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16-019\/0000845"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil contamination by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) is intensifying under increasing industrialization. Thus, the ability to efficiently delineate contaminated sites is crucial. Visible\u2013near infrared (vis\u2013NIR: 350\u20132500 nm) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF: 0.02\u201341.08 keV) spectroscopic techniques have attracted tremendous attention for the assessment of PTEs. Recently, the application of fused vis\u2013NIR and XRF spectroscopy, which is based on the complementary effect of data fusion, is also increasing. Moreover, different data manipulation methods, including feature selection approaches, affect the prediction performance. This study investigated the feasibility of using single and fused vis\u2013NIR and XRF spectra while exploring feature selection algorithms for the assessment of key soil PTEs. The soil samples were collected from one of the most heavily polluted areas of the Czech Republic and scanned using laboratory vis\u2013NIR and XRF spectrometers. Univariate filter (UF) and genetic algorithm (GA) were used to select the bands of greater importance for the PTE prediction. Support vector machine (SVM) was then used to train the models using the full-range and feature-selected spectra of single sensors and their fusion. It was found that XRF spectra alone (primarily GA-selected) performed better than single vis\u2013NIR and fused spectral data for predictions of PTEs. Moreover, the prediction models that were derived from the fused data set (particularly the GA-selected) enhanced the models\u2019 accuracies as compared with the single vis\u2013NIR spectra. In general, the results suggest that the GA-selected spectra obtained from the single XRF spectrometer (for As and Pb) and from the fusion of vis\u2013NIR and XRF (for Pb) are promising for accurate quantitative estimation detection of the mentioned PTEs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T00:13:10Z","timestamp":1617149590000},"page":"2386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["vis\u2013NIR and XRF Data Fusion and Feature Selection to Estimate Potentially Toxic Elements in Soil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4419-5463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asa","family":"Gholizadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Suchdol, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8184-5632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o A.","family":"Coblinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Suchdol, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1627-4957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammadmehdi","family":"Saberioon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6757-3530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eyal","family":"Ben-Dor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Laboratory, Department of Geography and Human Environment, Porter School of Environment and Earth Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2717-038X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ond\u0159ej","family":"Dr\u00e1bek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Suchdol, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5328-0323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A. M.","family":"Dematt\u00ea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Padua Dias Avenue, 11, CP 9, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5317-0933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lubo\u0161","family":"Bor\u016fvka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Suchdol, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8855-0979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karel","family":"N\u011bme\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Suchdol, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8600-5168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Chabrillat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8816-4517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Daj\u010dl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Suchdol, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.11.059","article-title":"Visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy\u2014An alternative for monitoring soil contamination by heavy metals","volume":"265","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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