{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T14:15:42Z","timestamp":1760710542100,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST- 106-2218-E-011-008-MY2","MOST-109-2221-E-011-101","MOST-109-2218-E-011-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST- 106-2218-E-011-008-MY2","MOST-109-2221-E-011-101","MOST-109-2218-E-011-010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Taiwan","award":["The Featured Areas Research Center Program within the Higher Education Sprout Project framework"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["The Featured Areas Research Center Program within the Higher Education Sprout Project framework"]}]},{"name":"Wang Jhan-Yang Charitable Trust Fund","award":["WJY 2020-HR-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WJY 2020-HR-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Weather change such as raining is a crucial factor to cause traffic congestion, especially in metropolises with the limited sewer system infrastructures. Identifying the roads which are sensitive to weather changes, defined as weather-sensitive roads (WSR), can facilitate the infrastructure development. In the literature, little research focused on studying weather factors of developing countries that might have deficient infrastructures. In this research, to fill the gap, the real-world data associating with Jakarta, Indonesia, was studied to identify WSR based on smartphone sensor data, real-time weather information, and road characteristics datasets. A spatial-temporal congestion speed matrix (STC) was proposed to illustrate traffic speed changes over time. Under the proposed STC, a sequential clustering and classification framework was applied to identify the WSR in terms of traffic speed. In this work, the causes of WSR were evaluated based on the variables\u2019 importance of the classification method. The experimental results show that the proposed method can cluster the roads according to the pattern changes in the traffic speed caused by weather change. Based on the results, we found that the distances to shopping malls, mosques, schools, and the roads\u2019 altitude, length, width, and the number of lanes are highly correlated to WSR in Jakarta.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T05:57:18Z","timestamp":1617170238000},"page":"2405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Identification and Analysis of Weather-Sensitive Roads Based on Smartphone Sensor Data: A Case Study in Jakarta"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5585-0094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao-Lung","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Management, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9402-0608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hendri","family":"Sutrisno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Management, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Arnold Samuel","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Management, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2906-1443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hendrik","family":"Tampubolon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0448-8045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Budhi Sholeh","family":"Wibowo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1548-1425.2008.00002.x","article-title":"On the back of a motorbike: Middle-class mobility in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam","volume":"35","author":"Truitt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. 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