{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T07:59:01Z","timestamp":1780559941173,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has the potential to enhance road-safety with environment sensing features provided by embedded devices and sensors. This benignant feature also raises privacy issues as vehicles announce their fine-grained whereabouts mainly for safety requirements, adversaries can leverage this to track and identify users. Various privacy-preserving schemes have been designed and evaluated, for example, mix-zone, encryption, group forming, and silent-period-based techniques. However, they all suffer inherent limitations. In this paper, we review these limitations and propose WHISPER, a safety-aware location privacy-preserving scheme that adjusts the transmission range of vehicles in order to prevent continuous location monitoring. We detail the set of protocols used by WHISPER, then we compare it against other privacy-preserving schemes. The results show that WHISPER outperformed the other schemes by providing better location privacy levels while still fulfilling road-safety requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T23:05:11Z","timestamp":1617318311000},"page":"2443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["WHISPER: A Location Privacy-Preserving Scheme Using Transmission Range Changing for Internet of Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9508-7134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Messaoud","family":"Babaghayou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"STIC Lab, University of Abou Bekr Belkaid, Chetouane Tlemcen 13000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5135-8972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nabila","family":"Labraoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STIC Lab, University of Abou Bekr Belkaid, Chetouane Tlemcen 13000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5660-0660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ado Adamou","family":"Abba Ari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DAVID Lab, Faculty of Sciences, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 45 Avenue des \u00c9tats-Unis, CEDEX, 78035 Versailles, France"},{"name":"LaRI Lab, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0632-3172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Amine","family":"Ferrag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Guelma University, Guelma 24000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5360-9782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandros","family":"Maglaras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Informatics, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1345-2829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helge","family":"Janicke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre (CSCRC), Perth 6027, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2011.061411.00019","article-title":"Vehicular networking: A survey and tutorial on requirements, architectures, challenges, standards and solutions","volume":"13","author":"Karagiannis","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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