{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T12:42:28Z","timestamp":1780663348767,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Institute of Innovation and Technology","award":["17028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17028"]}]},{"name":"French national TRIGGER project","award":["xxx"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xxx"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006537","name":"Campus France","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["xxx"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xxx"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dual and multi energy X-ray transmission imaging (DE-\/ME-XRT) are powerful tools to acquire quantitative material characteristics of diverse samples without destruction. As those X-ray imaging techniques are based on the projection onto the imaging plane, only two-dimensional data can be obtained. To acquire three-dimensional information and a complete examination on topology and spatial trends of materials, computed tomography (CT) can be used. In combination, these methods may offer a robust non-destructive testing technique for research and industrial applications. For example, the iron ore mining and processing industry requires the ratio of economic iron minerals to siliceous waste material for resource and reserve estimations, and for efficient sorting prior to beneficiation, to avoid equipment destruction due to highly abrasive quartz. While XRT provides information concerning the thickness, areal density and mass fraction of iron and the respective background material, CT may deliver size, distribution and orientation of internal structures. Our study shows that the data provided by XRT and CT is reliable and, together with data processing, can be successfully applied for distinguishing iron oxide rich parts from waste. Furthermore, heavy element bearing minerals such as baryte, uraninite, galena and monazite can be detected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T04:13:51Z","timestamp":1617336831000},"page":"2455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Potential of Dual and Multi Energy XRT and CT Analyses on Iron Formations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9641-3579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Bauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Development Center X-ray Technology EZRT, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Flugplatzstr. 75, 90768 F\u00fcrth, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Development Center X-ray Technology EZRT, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Flugplatzstr. 75, 90768 F\u00fcrth, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beate","family":"Orberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G\u00e9osciences Paris Sud (GEOPS), B\u00e2timent 504, Rue du Belv\u00e9d\u00e8re Campus Universitaire d\u2019Orsay, 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France"},{"name":"Catura Geoprojects, 2 rue Marie Davy, 75014 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Firsching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Development Center X-ray Technology EZRT, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Flugplatzstr. 75, 90768 F\u00fcrth, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Ennen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Development Center X-ray Technology EZRT, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Flugplatzstr. 75, 90768 F\u00fcrth, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Garcia Pina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DMT GmbH &amp; Co. KG, Am T\u00dcV 1, 45307 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS-INSU, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, ISTeP UMR 7193,F-75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Honarmand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghasem","family":"Nabatian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, University Blvd., Zanjan 45371-38791, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iman","family":"Monsef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2010.11.002","article-title":"X-ray transmission through nanostructured and microstructured CuO materials","volume":"69","author":"Botelho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. 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