{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:39:31Z","timestamp":1760402371750,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: It is often challenging to formulate a reliable prognosis for patients with acute ischemic stroke. The most accepted prognostic factors may not be sufficient to predict the recovery process. In this view, describing the evolution of motor deficits over time via sensors might be useful for strengthening the prognostic model. Our aim was to assess whether an actigraphic-based parameter (Asymmetry Rate Index for the 24 h period (AR2_24 h)) obtained in the acute stroke phase could be a predictor of a 90 d prognosis. Methods: In this observational study, we recorded and analyzed the 24 h upper limb movement asymmetry of 20 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke during their stay in a stroke unit. We recorded the motor activity of both arms using two programmable actigraphic systems positioned on patients\u2019 wrists. We clinically evaluated the stroke patients by NIHSS in the acute phase and then assessed them across 90 days using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Results: We found that the AR2_24 h parameter positively correlates with the 90 d mRS (r = 0.69, p &lt; 0.001). Moreover, we found that an AR2_24 h &gt; 32% predicts a poorer outcome (90 d mRS &gt; 2), with sensitivity = 100% and specificity = 89%. Conclusions: Sensor-based parameters might provide useful information for predicting ischemic stroke prognosis in the acute phase.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T10:34:09Z","timestamp":1617359649000},"page":"2479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Actigraphic Measurement of the Upper Limbs for the Prediction of Ischemic Stroke Prognosis: An Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3097-4298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Reale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L. Go F. Vito, 1-00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa Neuroriabilitazione ad Alta Intensit\u00e0, Largo A. Gemelli, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 8-00168 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9125-752X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Giovannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa Medicina Fisica e Riabilitazione, Largo A. Gemelli, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 8-00168 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3547-6055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Iacovelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa Medicina Fisica e Riabilitazione, Largo A. Gemelli, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 8-00168 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5329-5197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano Filippo","family":"Castiglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Polo Pontino, Viale XXIV Maggio, 7-04100 Latina, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3478-7692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Picerno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SMART Engineering Solutions &amp; Technologies Research Center, Universit\u00e0 Telematica \u201ce-Campus\u201d, Via Isimbardi, 10-22060 Novedrate, Italy"}]},{"given":"Aurelia","family":"Zauli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L. Go F. Vito, 1-00168 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1638-7978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Rabuffetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Technology Department, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Via Capecelatro, 66-20148 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7797-2399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Ferrarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Technology Department, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Via Capecelatro, 66-20148 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Maccauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L. Go F. Vito, 1-00168 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Caliandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Neurologia, Largo A, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Gemelli, 8-00168 Rome, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0","article-title":"Global and Regional Mortality from 235 Causes of Death for 20 Age Groups in 1990 and 2010: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Lozano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61953-4","article-title":"Global and Regional Burden of Stroke during 1990-2010: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"383","author":"Feigin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.1.126","article-title":"Baseline NIH Stroke Scale Score Strongly Predicts Outcome after Stroke: A Report of the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST)","volume":"53","author":"Adams","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000106761.94985.8B","article-title":"German Stroke Study Collaboration Age and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Score within 6 Hours after Onset Are Accurate Predictors of Outcome after Cerebral Ischemia: Development and External Validation of Prognostic Models","volume":"35","author":"Weimar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.31.5.1062","article-title":"Ischemic Stroke Subtypes: A Population-Based Study of Functional Outcome, Survival, and Recurrence","volume":"31","author":"Petty","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1159\/000086800","article-title":"Outcome in Patients with Stroke Associated with Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion","volume":"20","author":"Paciaroni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. 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