{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T12:19:52Z","timestamp":1767183592847,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]],"date-time":"2021-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A burst image sensor named Hanabi, meaning fireworks in Japanese, includes a branching CCD and multiple CMOS readout circuits. The sensor is backside-illuminated with a light\/charge guide pipe to minimize the temporal resolution by suppressing the horizontal motion of signal carriers. On the front side, the pixel has a guide gate at the center, branching to six first-branching gates, each bifurcating to second-branching gates, and finally connected to 12 (=6\u00d72) floating diffusions. The signals are either read out after an image capture operation to replay 12 to 48 consecutive images, or continuously transferred to a memory chip stacked on the front side of the sensor chip and converted to digital signals. A CCD burst image sensor enables a noiseless signal transfer from a photodiode to the in-situ storage even at very high frame rates. However, the pixel count conflicts with the frame count due to the large pixel size for the relatively large in-pixel CCD memory elements. A CMOS burst image sensor can use small trench-type capacitors for memory elements, instead of CCD channels. However, the transfer noise from a floating diffusion to the memory element increases in proportion to the square root of the frame rate. The Hanabi chip overcomes the compromise between these pros and cons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]],"date-time":"2021-04-03T22:03:36Z","timestamp":1617487416000},"page":"2506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Pixel Design of a Branching Ultra-Highspeed Image Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Nguyen Hoai","family":"Ngo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1814-7767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Shimonomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taeko","family":"Ando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takayoshi","family":"Shimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7916-3093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heiji","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kohsei","family":"Takehara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anh Quang","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Telecommunications, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 1 Dai Co Viet, Bach Khoa, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi 100803, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Charbon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Quantum Architecture Laboratory, EPFL, Rue de la Maladi\u00e8re 71b, Case Postale 526, CH-2002 Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takeharu Goji","family":"Etoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"543","article-title":"A high-speed video camera operating at 4,500 fps","volume":"46","author":"Etoh","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. 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