{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T15:43:23Z","timestamp":1776440603029,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 107-2221-E-182 -050 -MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 107-2221-E-182 -050 -MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan","award":["BMRP765, BMRPA68, CMRPD2H0141, CMRPD2J0171, CMRPD1K0431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMRP765, BMRPA68, CMRPD2H0141, CMRPD2J0171, CMRPD1K0431"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tongue pressure plays a critical role in the oral and pharyngeal stages of swallowing, contributing considerably to bolus formation and manipulation as well as to safe transporting of food from the mouth to the stomach. Smooth swallowing relies not only on effective coordination of respiration and pharynx motions but also on sufficient tongue pressure. Conventional methods of measuring tongue pressure involve attaching a pressure sheet to the hard palate to monitor the force exerted by the tongue tip against the hard palate. In this study, an air bulb was inserted in the anterior oral cavity to monitor the pressure exerted by the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue. The air bulb was integrated into a noninvasive, multisensor approach to evaluate the correlation of the tongue pressure with other swallowing responses, such as respiratory nasal flow, submental muscle movement, and thyroid cartilage excursion. An autodetection program was implemented for the automatic identification of swallowing patterns and parameters from each sensor. The experimental results indicated that the proposed method is sensitive in measuring the tongue pressure, and the tongue pressure was found to have a strong positive correlation with the submental muscle movement during swallowing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21082603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T21:49:06Z","timestamp":1617832146000},"page":"2603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Noninvasive Measurement of Tongue Pressure and Its Correlation with Swallowing and Respiration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4325-3553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wann-Yun","family":"Shieh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu- Hsing Street, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chin-Man","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu- Hsing Street, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8855-1170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsin-Yi Kathy","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu- Hsing Street, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Early Intervention, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Titilianty Ignatia","family":"Imbang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sittel, C., and Guntinas-Lichius, O. (2018). Neurolaryngological disorders and deglutition. Neurolaryngology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-61724-4"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozorgi, C., Holleufer, C., and Wendin, K. (2020). Saliva secretion and swallowing\u2014The impact of different types of food and drink on subsequent intake. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010256"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S86","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10068","article-title":"Physiological and pathological aspects of oropharyngeal swallowing","volume":"17","author":"Ertekin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpor.2018.03.006","article-title":"Tongue function is important for masticatory performance in the healthy elderly: A cross-sectional survey of community-dwelling elderly","volume":"63","author":"Sagawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-006-9013-z","article-title":"Measures of tongue function related to normal swallowing","volume":"21","author":"Youmans","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/phy2.167","article-title":"Role of tongue pressure production in oropharyngeal swallow biomechanics","volume":"1","author":"Hori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murakami, K., Hori, K., Minagi, Y., Uehara, F., Salazar, S.E., Ishihara, S., Nakauma, M., Funami, T., Ikebe, K., and Maeda, Y. (2020). Coordination of tongue pressure production, hyoid movement, and suprahyoid muscle activity during squeezing of gels. Arch. Oral Biol., 111.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2019.104631"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2016.40.4.620","article-title":"The relationship between tongue pressure and oral dysphagia in stroke patients","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3631","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.3631","article-title":"Effect of tongue strength training using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument in stroke patients with dysphagia","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-019-10011-2","article-title":"Effects of tongue-strengthening exercise on the geniohyoid muscle in young healthy adults","volume":"35","author":"Yano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-018-9916-5","article-title":"Tongue pressure measurement and videofluoroscopic study of swallowing in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"34","author":"Fukuoka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Logemann, J.A. (1993). Manual for the Videofluorographic Study of Swallowing, PRO-ED. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01354540","article-title":"A protocol for the videofluorographic swallowing study","volume":"8","author":"Palmer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiss, S.G., and Postma, G.N. (2003). Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. Laryngoscope, 113.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200308000-00023"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15165","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15243-6","article-title":"The biomechanical coordination during oropharyngeal swallowing: An evaluation with a non-invasive sensing system","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., Hori, K., Minagi, Y., Ono, T., Chen, Y.J., Kondo, J., Fujiwara, S., Tamine, K., Hayashi, H., and Inoue, M. (2013). Development of a system to monitor laryngeal movement during swallowing using a bend sensor. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070850"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shieh, W.-Y., Wang, C.-M., Cheng, H.-Y.K., and Wang, C.-H. (2019). Using wearable and non-invasive sensors to measure swallowing function: Detection, verification, and clinical application. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19112624"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12428","DOI":"10.3390\/s150612428","article-title":"Development of a portable non-invasive swallowing and respiration assessment device","volume":"15","author":"Shieh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.05.024","article-title":"Non-invasive assessment determine the swallowing and respiration dysfunction in early Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"String Searching with DFA-based Algorithm","volume":"9","author":"Ejendibia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2021, February 22). LabVIEW. Available online: http:\/\/www.ni.com\/."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.11.049","article-title":"Initial psychometric assessment of a functional oral intake scale for dysphagia in stroke patients","volume":"86","author":"Crary","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.01.048","article-title":"Age, gender, ethnicity and eating capability influence oral processing behaviour of liquid, semi-solid and solid foods differently","volume":"119","author":"Ketel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yano, J., Aoyagi, Y., Ono, T., Hori, K., Yamaguchi, W., Fujiwara, S., Kumakura, I., Minagi, S., and Tsubahara, S. (2014). Sequential coordination between lingual and pharyngeal pressures produced during dry swallowing. BioMed Res. Int., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/691352"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-019-05772-3","article-title":"Is the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation technique superior to Shaker exercises in swallowing rehabilitation?","volume":"277","author":"Sayaca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-010-9291-3","article-title":"Comparison of three types of tongue pressure measurement devices","volume":"26","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dysphagia"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/8\/2603\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:58:50Z","timestamp":1760363930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/8\/2603"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s21082603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21082603","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]}}}