{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T10:13:10Z","timestamp":1775124790509,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LRGS\/1\/2019\/UKM-UNITEN\/6\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LRGS\/1\/2019\/UKM-UNITEN\/6\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, an integrated thermoelectric (TE) and photovoltaic (PV) hybrid energy harvesting system (HEHS) is proposed for self-powered internet of thing (IoT)-enabled wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The proposed system can run at a minimum of 0.8 V input voltage under indoor light illumination of at least 50 lux and a minimum temperature difference, \u2206T = 5 \u00b0C. At the lowest illumination and temperature difference, the device can deliver 0.14 W of power. At the highest illumination of 200 lux and \u2206T = 13 \u00b0C, the device can deliver 2.13 W. The developed HEHS can charge a 0.47 F, 5.5 V supercapacitor (SC) up to 4.12 V at the combined input voltage of 3.2 V within 17 s. In the absence of any energy sources, the designed device can back up the complete system for 92 s. The sensors can successfully send 39 data string to the webserver within this time at a two-second data transmission interval. A message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) based IoT framework with a customised smartphone application \u2018MQTT dashboard\u2019 is developed and integrated with an ESP32 Wi-Fi module to transmit, store, and monitor the sensors data over time. This research, therefore, opens up new prospects for self-powered autonomous IoT sensor systems under fluctuating environments and energy harvesting regimes, however, utilising available atmospheric light and thermal energy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21082604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T21:27:44Z","timestamp":1617917264000},"page":"2604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["An Adaptive TE-PV Hybrid Energy Harvesting System for Self-Powered IoT Sensor Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4049-1628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmuda Khatun","family":"Mishu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"College of Engineering (COE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0534-4801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md.","family":"Rokonuzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"College of Engineering (COE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Jagadeesh","family":"Pasupuleti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2456-4356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Shakeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2347-1521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazi Sajedur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Shuza","family":"Binzaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Microgrid Advanced Research and Technology (SMART) Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Prairie View A&amp;M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA"}]},{"given":"Sieh Kiong","family":"Tiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3250-1307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nowshad","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"College of Engineering (COE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"\u00dcnl\u00fc, F., Wawrla, L., and D\u00ecaz, A. 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