{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T15:14:22Z","timestamp":1760800462137,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Government Grant","award":["PID2019-107790RB-C22","PEJ2018-002230-A-AR","TEC2016-79884-C","PTA2019-017113-1\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-107790RB-C22","PEJ2018-002230-A-AR","TEC2016-79884-C","PTA2019-017113-1\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["Grant Agreement No. 695536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant Agreement No. 695536"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Positron emission tomography (PET) is a functional non-invasive imaging modality that uses radioactive substances (radiotracers) to measure changes in metabolic processes. Advances in scanner technology and data acquisition in the last decade have led to the development of more sophisticated PET devices with good spatial resolution (1\u20133 mm of full width at half maximum (FWHM)). However, there are involuntary motions produced by the patient inside the scanner that lead to image degradation and potentially to a misdiagnosis. The adverse effect of the motion in the reconstructed image increases as the spatial resolution of the current scanners continues improving. In order to correct this effect, motion correction techniques are becoming increasingly popular and further studied. This work presents a simulation study of an image motion correction using a frame-based algorithm. The method is able to cut the acquired data from the scanner in frames, taking into account the size of the object of study. This approach allows working with low statistical information without losing image quality. The frames are later registered using spatio-temporal registration developed in a multi-level way. To validate these results, several performance tests are applied to a set of simulated moving phantoms. The results obtained show that the method minimizes the intra-frame motion, improves the signal intensity over the background in comparison with other literature methods, produces excellent values of similarity with the ground-truth (static) image and is able to find a limit in the patient-injected dose when some prior knowledge of the lesion is present.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21082608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T21:27:44Z","timestamp":1617917264000},"page":"2608","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Simulation Study of a Frame-Based Motion Correction Algorithm for Positron Emission Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4089-1368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"Espin\u00f3s-Morat\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Instrumentaci\u00f3n para Imagen Molecular (i3M), Centro Mixto CSIC\u2014Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1743-1678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Cascales-Pic\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Instrumentaci\u00f3n para Imagen Molecular (i3M), Centro Mixto CSIC\u2014Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3625-5588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Vergara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Instrumentaci\u00f3n para Imagen Molecular (i3M), Centro Mixto CSIC\u2014Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Imaging and Pathology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2117-757X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Instrumentaci\u00f3n para Imagen Molecular (i3M), Centro Mixto CSIC\u2014Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6073-1436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Benlloch Baviera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Instrumentaci\u00f3n para Imagen Molecular (i3M), Centro Mixto CSIC\u2014Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8333-8792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Instrumentaci\u00f3n para Imagen Molecular (i3M), Centro Mixto CSIC\u2014Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-013-9760-9","article-title":"Taking the perfect nuclear image: Quality control, acquisition, and processing techniques for cardiac SPECT, PET, and hybrid imaging","volume":"20","author":"Case","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.107.039792","article-title":"Frequent diagnostic errors in cardiac PET\/CT due to misregistration of CT attenuation and emission PET images: A definitive analysis of causes, consequences, and corrections","volume":"48","author":"Gould","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.07.035","article-title":"Image derived input functions for dynamic High Resolution Research Tomograph PET brain studies","volume":"43","author":"Mourik","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1538","article-title":"Head Movement in Normal Subjects During Simulated PET Brain Imaging with and without Head Restraint","volume":"35","author":"Green","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"596","article-title":"On the Use of Positioning Aids to Reduce Misregistration in the Head and Neck in Whole-Body PET\/CT Studies","volume":"46","author":"Beyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Advanced Motion Correction Methods in PET (Review Article)","volume":"13","author":"Rahmim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Iran. J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/48\/8\/301","article-title":"The design and implementation of a motion correction scheme for neurological PET","volume":"48","author":"Bloomfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1109\/42.552052","article-title":"A head motion measurement system suitable for emission computed tomography","volume":"16","author":"Goldstein","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"657","article-title":"A Rapid and Accurate Method to Realign PET Scans Utilizing Image Edge Information","volume":"36","author":"Andersson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"3186","article-title":"Motion correction of multi-frame PET data","volume":"5","author":"Perruchot","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symp. Conf. Rec."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1936","article-title":"Correction of Head Movement on PET Studies: Comparison of Methods","volume":"47","author":"Montgomery","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1109\/42.563661","article-title":"Weighted least-squares reconstruction methods for positron emission tomography","volume":"16","author":"Anderson","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/12\/014","article-title":"Automated image registration for FDOPA PET studies","volume":"41","author":"Lin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199801000-00028","article-title":"Automated image registration: II. Intersubject validation of linear and nonlinear models","volume":"22","author":"Woods","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199801000-00027","article-title":"Automated image registration: I. General methods and intrasubject, intramodality validation","volume":"22","author":"Woods","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-8415(01)80026-8","article-title":"A survey of medical image registration","volume":"2","author":"Maintz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-001-0700-6","article-title":"Image registration: An essential tool for nuclear medicine","volume":"29","author":"Hutton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2002.804441","article-title":"A review of cardiac image registration methods","volume":"21","author":"Clarysse","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00137-9","article-title":"Image registration methods: A survey","volume":"21","author":"Flusser","year":"2003","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Modersitzki, J. (2007). Numerical Methods for Image Registration, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(81)90024-2","article-title":"Determining optical flow","volume":"17","author":"Horn","year":"1981","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"487","article-title":"A Generalized optical flow constraint and its physical interpretation","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Bereziat","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corpetti, T., M\u00e9min, E., and P\u00e9rez, P. (2002). Dense Motion Analysis in Fluid Imagery, Springer. Technical Report.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-47969-4_45"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000045324.43199.43","article-title":"Lucas\/Kanade meets Horn\/Schunck: Combining local and global optic flow methods","volume":"61","author":"Bruhn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weickert, J., Bruhn, A., Brox, T., and Papenberg, N. (2006). A Survey on Variational Optic Flow Methods for Small Displacements, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-34767-5_5"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"88","article-title":"A continuity equation based optical flow method for cardiac motion correction in 3D PET data","volume":"Volume 6326 LNCS","author":"Dawood","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s10851-012-0398-z","article-title":"Histogram-based optical flow for motion estimation in ultrasound imaging","volume":"47","author":"Tenbrinck","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Math. Imaging Vis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-013-0644-x","article-title":"A quantitative analysis of current practices in optical flow estimation and the principles behind them","volume":"106","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-010-1716-6","article-title":"Optimal gating compared to 3D and 4D PET reconstruction for characterization of lung tumours","volume":"38","author":"Hamill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2013.11.010","article-title":"Impact of a new respiratory amplitude-based gating technique in evaluation of upper abdominal PET lesions","volume":"83","author":"Serrano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5187","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/52\/17\/006","article-title":"List-mode-based reconstruction for respiratory motion correction in PET using non-rigid body transformations","volume":"52","author":"Lamare","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2009.05.001","article-title":"Motion correction based on an appropriate system matrix for statistical reconstruction of respiratory-correlated PET acquisitions","volume":"96","author":"Fin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3769","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/51\/15\/012","article-title":"A motion-incorporated reconstruction method for gated PET studies","volume":"51","author":"Qiao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"3290","article-title":"Joint estimation of image and deformation parameters in motion-corrected PET","volume":"Volume 5","author":"Jacobson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2008.2007907","article-title":"Combined reconstruction and motion correction in SPECT imaging","volume":"56","author":"Schumacher","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2010.2053212","article-title":"Joint Reconstruction of Image and Motion in Gated Positron Emission Tomography Joint Reconstruction of Image and Motion in Gated Positron-Emission-Tomography","volume":"29","author":"Keil","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8249","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/57\/24\/8249","article-title":"Joint image and motion reconstruction for PET using a B-spline motion model","volume":"57","author":"Blume","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0b013e3282f5d2de","article-title":"System matrix modelling of externally tracked motion","volume":"29","author":"Rahmim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/54\/6\/020","article-title":"Fully 4D list-mode reconstruction applied to respiratory-gated PET scans","volume":"54","author":"Grotus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6739","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/56\/20\/015","article-title":"Fast and efficient fully 3D PET image reconstruction using sparse system matrix factorization with GPU acceleration","volume":"56","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.116.177303","article-title":"Small data: A ubiquitous, yet untapped, resource for low-cost imaging innovation","volume":"58","author":"Kesner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3587","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2336500","article-title":"Deblurring of breathing motion artifacts in thoracic PET images by deconvolution methods","volume":"33","author":"Low","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-010-1747-1","article-title":"Combined correction of recovery effect and motion blur for SUV quantification of solitary pulmonary nodules in FDG PET\/CT","volume":"20","author":"Apostolova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/54\/3\/022","article-title":"Motion correction of PET brain images through deconvolution: II. Practical implementation and algorithm optimization","volume":"54","author":"Raghunath","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/54\/3\/021","article-title":"Motion correction of PET brain images through deconvolution: I. Theoretical development and analysis in software simulations","volume":"54","author":"Faber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2010.2078514","article-title":"Motion correction and attenuation correction for respiratory gated PET images","volume":"30","author":"Bai","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-8415(01)00050-0","article-title":"Four-dimensional processing of deformable cardiac PET data","volume":"6","author":"Klein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2007.07.006","article-title":"Cutting-Edge Brain Imaging with Positron Emission Tomography","volume":"17","author":"Sossi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1109\/TRPMS.2018.2846745","article-title":"Organ-Dedicated Molecular Imaging Systems","volume":"2","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Radiat. Plasma Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1109\/42.563659","article-title":"Motion correction of PET images using multiple acquisition frames","volume":"16","author":"Picard","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1109\/42.730403","article-title":"A comparison of similarity measures for use in 2-D-3-D medical image registration","volume":"17","author":"Penney","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2013.2265603","article-title":"Deformable medical image registration: A survey","volume":"32","author":"Sotiras","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2007.904691","article-title":"A review of geometric transformations for nonrigid body registration","volume":"27","author":"Holden","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2007.892508","article-title":"Brain functional localization: A survey of image registration techniques","volume":"26","author":"Gholipour","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809011","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.17.8.080901","article-title":"Mono- and multimodal registration of optical breast images","volume":"17","author":"Pearlman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2013.2244869","article-title":"A Review of recent advances in registration techniques applied to minimally invasive therapy","volume":"15","author":"Liao","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimed."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"439","article-title":"Multimodality image fusion for diagnosing coronary artery disease","volume":"49","author":"Piccinelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Ramirez, L., Durdle, N.G., and Raso, V.J. (2003, January 4\u20137). Medical image registration in computational intelligence framework: A review. Proceedings of the Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, Montreal, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7391","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/58\/20\/7391","article-title":"Dynamic whole-body PET parametric imaging: I. Concept, acquisition protocol optimization and clinical application","volume":"58","author":"Karakatsanis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mccormick, M., Liu, X., Jomier, J., Marion, C., and Ibanez, L. (2014). Itk: Enabling reproducible research and open science. Front. Neuroinfor., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2014.00013"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"586","article-title":"Engineering and algorithm design for an image processing API: A technical report on ITK\u2014The Insight Toolkit","volume":"Volume 85","author":"Yoo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2008.918321","article-title":"Respiratory motion correction in 3-D PET data with advanced optical flow algorithms","volume":"27","author":"Dawood","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2005.12.006","article-title":"Cardiac motion analysis from ultrasound sequences using nonrigid registration: Validation against Doppler tissue velocity","volume":"32","author":"Santos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, W., and Brady, S.M. (July, January 28). Spatio-temporal image registration for respiratory motion correction in pet imaging. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: From Nano to Macro, Boston, MA, USA. ISBI 2009.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI.2009.5193075"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-77586-9_1","article-title":"Introduction","volume":"Volume 133","author":"Snyman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Springer Optimization and Its Applications"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Gigengack, F., Ruthotto, L., Burger, M., Wolters, C.H., Jiang, X., and Schafers, K. (November, January 30). Motion correction of cardiac PET using mass-preserving registration. Proceedings of the IEEE Nuclear Science Symposuim & Medical Imaging Conference, Knoxville, TN, USA."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2011.2175402","article-title":"Motion Correction in Dual Gated Cardiac PET Using Mass-Preserving Image Registration","volume":"31","author":"Gigengack","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034008","DOI":"10.1088\/0266-5611\/24\/3\/034008","article-title":"Ill-posed medicine\u2014An introduction to image registration","volume":"24","author":"Fischer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inverse Probl."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"115","article-title":"Fast and simple calculus on tensors in the log-euclidean framework","volume":"Volume 3749 LNCS","author":"Arsigny","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1137\/S0036144597321909","article-title":"Solving ill-conditioned and singular linear systems: A tutorial on regularization","volume":"40","author":"Neumaier","year":"1998","journal-title":"SIAM Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burger, M., Modersitzki, J., and Ruthotto, L. (2013). A hyperelastic regularization energy for image registration. SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 35.","DOI":"10.1137\/110835955"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"943","article-title":"Riemannian elasticity: A statistical regularization framework for non-linear registration","volume":"Volume 3750 LNCS","author":"Pennec","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9002(03)01368-8","article-title":"GEANT4\u2014A simulation toolkit","volume":"506","author":"Agostinelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accel. Spectrometers Detect. Assoc. Equip."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santin, G., Strul, D., Lazaro, D., Simon, L., Krieguer, M., Vieira Martins, M., Breton, V., and Morel, C. (2002, January 10\u201316). GATE, a Geant4-based simulation platform for PET integrating movement and time management. Proceedings of the IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, Norfolk, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2003.817974"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2016.06.125","article-title":"Recent developments in GEANT4","volume":"835","author":"Allison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accel. Spectrometers Detect. Assoc. Equip."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2006.869826","article-title":"Geant4 developments and applications","volume":"53","author":"Allison","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.1982.4307558","article-title":"Maximum Likelihood Reconstruction for Emission Tomography","volume":"1","author":"Shepp","year":"1982","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1109\/42.363108","article-title":"Accelerated Image Reconstruction Using Ordered Subsets of Projection Data","volume":"13","author":"Hudson","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-019-01405-1","article-title":"Correction of head movement by frame-to-frame image realignment for receptor imaging in positron emission tomography studies with [11C]raclopride and [11C]FLB 457","volume":"33","author":"Ikoma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3963","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2966349","article-title":"A survey of approaches for direct parametric image reconstruction in emission tomography","volume":"35","author":"Tsoumpas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3654","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3160108","article-title":"Four-dimensional (4D) image reconstruction strategies in dynamic PET: Beyond conventional independent frame reconstruction","volume":"36","author":"Rahmim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Gravel, P., Verhaeghe, J., and Reader, A.J. (November, January 27). Direct 4D PET reconstruction of parametric images into a stereotaxic brain atlas for [11C]raclopride. Proceedings of the IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, Anaheim, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2016.2594150","article-title":"Direct Parametric Reconstruction with Joint Motion Estimation\/Correction for Dynamic Brain PET Data","volume":"36","author":"Jiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102503","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4819820","article-title":"Evaluation of motion correction methods in human brain PET imaging-A simulation study based on human motion data","volume":"40","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Phys."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/8\/2608\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:26:36Z","timestamp":1760361996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/8\/2608"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s21082608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21082608","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]}}}