{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T06:04:13Z","timestamp":1773295453603,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MINISTERIO DE INDUSTRIA, ENERG\u00cdA Y TURISMO","award":["TSI-100105-2014-196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSI-100105-2014-196"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012818","name":"Comunidad de Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M2184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M2184"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-095168-B-C55"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-095168-B-C55"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Firefighter\u2019s interventions under dense smoke and flames are hazardous and ideally need an efficient in-advance geo-located actuation plan. The existing communication and sensing technologies should be customized, optimized, and integrated to better know the conditions (flame locations, air condition) before and during the rescue team\u2019s interventions. In this paper, we propose a firefighter intervention architecture, which consists of several sensing devices (flame detectors, carbon dioxide air content) a navigation platform (an autonomous ground wheeled robot), and a communication\/localization network (BLE IoT network) that can be used before and during an intervention in rescue or fire extinguishing missions even for indoor or confined spaces. The paper\u2019s key novelty presents our integrated solution, giving some key implementation details and an intensive experimentation campaign in two real firefighter scenarios with real controlled fires. Results carried out in these real indoor scenarios are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the system. A fire detection system is proposed to improve fire focus in real time and moving in confined spaces with no visibility and physical references. The results obtained in the experimentation show the proposal\u2019s effectiveness in locating the fire focus\u2019s position and orientation reducing time and risk exposure. This kind of location-aware fire integrated systems would significantly impact the speed and security of first responder interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21082614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T21:27:44Z","timestamp":1617917264000},"page":"2614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["HelpResponder\u2014System for the Security of First Responder Interventions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9243-2166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Cristina","family":"Rodriguez-Sanchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9771-1930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio R.","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Automation and Robotics (CAR) CSIC-UPM, E-28036 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6976-0564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquin","family":"Vaquero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2353-2902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Borromeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5048-7134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose L.","family":"L\u00e1zaro-Galilea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Department, Alcal\u00e1 University, 28801 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Fundaci\u00f3n Mapfre (2021, March 04). 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