{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:37:21Z","timestamp":1760402241607,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]],"date-time":"2021-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a tracking system using magnetometers, possibly integrable in a deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrode. DBS is a treatment for movement disorders where the position of the implant is of prime importance. Positioning challenges during the surgery could be addressed thanks to a magnetic tracking. The system proposed in this paper, complementary to existing procedures, has been designed to bridge preoperative clinical imaging with DBS surgery, allowing the surgeon to increase his\/her control on the implantation trajectory. Here the magnetic source required for tracking consists of three coils, and is experimentally mapped. This mapping has been performed with an in-house three-dimensional magnetic camera. The system demonstrates how magnetometers integrated directly at the tip of a DBS electrode, might improve treatment by monitoring the position during and after the surgery. The three-dimensional operation without line of sight has been demonstrated using a reference obtained with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of a simplified brain model. We observed experimentally a mean absolute error of 1.35 mm and an Euclidean error of 3.07 mm. Several areas of improvement to target errors below 1 mm are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21082670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T05:52:00Z","timestamp":1618206720000},"page":"2670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Towards Tracking of Deep Brain Stimulation Electrodes Using an Integrated Magnetometer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4919-278X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Quirin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Engineering and Medical Informatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW), 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland"},{"name":"Icube laboratory, UMR 7357 (University of Strasbourg\/CNRS), 67412 Illkirch, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6599-4988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corentin","family":"F\u00e9ry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Engineering and Medical Informatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW), 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3445-576X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorian","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Engineering and Medical Informatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW), 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Vergne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Engineering and Medical Informatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW), 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland"},{"name":"Icube laboratory, UMR 7357 (University of Strasbourg\/CNRS), 67412 Illkirch, France"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Sarracanie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Adaptable MRI Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Najat","family":"Salameh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Adaptable MRI Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9537-642X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgan","family":"Madec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icube laboratory, UMR 7357 (University of Strasbourg\/CNRS), 67412 Illkirch, France"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Hemm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Engineering and Medical Informatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW), 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"H\u00e9brard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icube laboratory, UMR 7357 (University of Strasbourg\/CNRS), 67412 Illkirch, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6049-3271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joris","family":"Pascal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Engineering and Medical Informatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW), 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000159714.28232.C4","article-title":"Bilateral Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review of the Clinical Literature","volume":"56","author":"Hamani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.72.1.53","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus: Anatomical, neurophysiological, and outcome correlations with the effects of stimulation","volume":"72","author":"Lanotte","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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