{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T14:41:13Z","timestamp":1769265673199,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Computation offloading is a process that provides computing services to vehicles with computation sensitive jobs. Volunteer Computing-Based Vehicular Ad-hoc Networking (VCBV) is envisioned as a promising solution to perform task executions in vehicular networks using an emerging concept known as vehicle-as-a-resource (VaaR). In VCBV systems, offloading is the primary technique used for the execution of delay-sensitive applications which rely on surplus resource utilization. To leverage the surplus resources arising in periods of traffic congestion, we propose a hybrid VCBV task coordination model which performs the resource utilization for task execution in a multi-hop fashion. We propose an algorithm for the determination of boundary relay vehicles to minimize the requirement of placement for multiple road-side units (RSUs). We propose algorithms for primary and secondary task coordination using hybrid VCBV. Extensive simulations show that the hybrid technique for task coordination can increase the system utility, while the latency constraints are addressed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21082718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T21:47:33Z","timestamp":1618264053000},"page":"2718","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Hybrid Task Coordination Using Multi-Hop Communication in Volunteer Computing-Based VANETs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3324-4605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Waheed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4037-3405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munam Ali","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abid","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4715-212X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten","family":"Maple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secure Cyber Systems Research Group, WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ikram","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Voelcker, J. 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