{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T02:00:13Z","timestamp":1783821613097,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002642","name":"Korea University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["This work was supported by a Korea University Grant."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["This work was supported by a Korea University Grant."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002642","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Field-portable observation and analysis of particulate matter (PM) is required to enhance healthy lives. Various types of the PM measurement methods are in use; however, each of these methods has significant limitations in that real time measurement is impossible, the detection system is bulky, or the measurement accuracy is insufficient. In this work, we introduce an optical method to perform a fast and accurate PM analysis with a higher-contrast microscopic image enabled by a side-illuminated total internal reflection (TIR) technique to be implemented in a compact device. The superiority of the proposed method was quantitatively demonstrated by comparing the signal-to-noise ratio of the proposed side-illuminated TIR method with a traditional halogen lamp-based transmission microscope. With the proposed device, signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) for microbeads (5~20 \u00b5m) and ultrafine dust particles (&gt;5 \u00b5m) increased 4.5~17 and 4~10 dB, respectively, compared to the conventional transmission microscope. As a proof of concept, the proposed method was also applied to a low-cost commercial smartphone toy microscope enabling field-portable detection of PMs. We believe that the proposed side-illuminated TIR PM detection device holds significant advantages over other commonly used systems due to its sufficient detection capability along with simple and compact configuration as well as low cost.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21082745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T12:34:50Z","timestamp":1618317290000},"page":"2745","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Detection of Particulate Matters with a Field-Portable Microscope Using Side-Illuminated Total Internal Reflection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Haechang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanghoon","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongmin","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maritime Safety Research Division, Korea Research Institute of Ships &amp; Ocean Engineering, Daejeon 34103, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5704-726X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaewon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7990-7390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sungkyu","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saxena, P., and Sonwani, S. (2019). Primary Criteria Air Pollutants: Environmental Health Effects, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-9992-3_3"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00014","article-title":"Environmental and health impacts of air pollution: A review","volume":"8","author":"Manisalidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2010.14458","article-title":"Air pollution and non-respiratory health hazards for children","volume":"6","author":"Kelishadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2014.29.5.621","article-title":"Fine, ultrafine, and yellow dust: Emerging health problems in Korea","volume":"29","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Korean. Med. 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Development of a Low-Cost Device for Observing Indoor Particle Levels Associated with Source Activities in the Home, International Society of Exposure Science (ISES)."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weekly, K., Rim, D., Zhang, L., Bayen, A.M., Nazaroff, W.W., and Spanos, C.J. (2013). Low-Cost Coarse Airborne Particulate Matter Sensing for Indoor Occupancy Detection, IEEE CASE.","DOI":"10.1109\/CoASE.2013.6653970"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"605","article-title":"Field calibrations of a low-cost aerosol sensor at a regulatory monitoring site in California","volume":"7","author":"Holstius","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Measure. Techn. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budde, M., Barbera, P., El Masri, R., Riedel, T., and Beigl, M. (2013). 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[4th ed.]."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/8\/2745\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:47:37Z","timestamp":1760161657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/8\/2745"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s21082745"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21082745","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]}}}