{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T10:18:22Z","timestamp":1775211502914,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["764461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["764461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we investigate the performance of a vehicular visible light communications (VVLC) link with a non-collimated and incoherent light source (a light-emitting diode) as the transmitter (Tx), and two different optical receiver (Rx) types (a camera and photodiode (PD)) under atmospheric turbulence (AT) conditions with aperture averaging (AA). First, we present simulation results indicating performance improvements in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) under AT with AA with increasing size of the optical concentrator. Experimental investigations demonstrate the potency of AA in mitigating the induced signal fading due to the weak to moderate AT regimes in a VVLC system. The experimental results obtained with AA show that the link\u2019s performance was stable in terms of the average SNR and the peak SNR for the PD and camera-based Rx links, respectively with &lt;1 dB SNR penalty for both Rxs, as the strength of AT increases compared with the link with no AT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21082751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T22:55:09Z","timestamp":1618354509000},"page":"2751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Performance of Vehicular Visible Light Communications under the Effects of Atmospheric Turbulence with Aperture Averaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Eso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Optical Communications Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5780-9703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zabih","family":"Ghassemlooy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optical Communications Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7902-2143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanislav","family":"Zvanovec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electromagnetic Field, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 16627 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juna","family":"Sathian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optical Communications Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mojtaba Mansour","family":"Abadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optical Communications Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2015-1175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Othman Isam","family":"Younus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optical Communications Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2016.10.003","article-title":"An empirical study of DSRC V2V performance in truck platooning scenarios","volume":"2","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Digit. 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