{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T15:33:56Z","timestamp":1769009636013,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing rate of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pathogenic bacteria is a global threat to human and veterinary medicine. Beyond antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) might be an alternative to inhibit the growth of bacteria, including AMR pathogens, on different surfaces. Biofilm formation, which starts out as bacterial adhesion, poses additional challenges for antibiotics targeting bacterial cells. The objective of this study was to establish a real-time method for the monitoring of the inhibition of (a) bacterial adhesion to a defined substrate and (b) biofilm formation by AMPs using an innovative thermal sensor. We provide evidence that the thermal sensor enables continuous monitoring of the effect of two potent AMPs, protamine and OH-CATH-30, on surface colonization of bovine mastitis-associated Escherichia (E.) coli and Staphylococcus (S.) aureus. The bacteria were grown under static conditions on the surface of the sensor membrane, on which temperature oscillations generated by a heater structure were detected by an amorphous germanium thermistor. Bacterial adhesion, which was confirmed by white light interferometry, caused a detectable amplitude change and phase shift. To our knowledge, the thermal measurement system has never been used to assess the effect of AMPs on bacterial adhesion in real time before. The system could be used to screen and evaluate bacterial adhesion inhibition of both known and novel AMPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21082771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T15:30:39Z","timestamp":1618414239000},"page":"2771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Real-Time Thermal Sensor System for Quantifying the Inhibitory Effect of Antimicrobial Peptides on Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2930-4617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Wieland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK)\u2014Laboratory of Sensors, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Assmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, ZBS4 Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Bethe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Fidelak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bovicare GmbH, 14473 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Gmoser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK)\u2014Laboratory of Sensors, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Traute","family":"Jan\u00dfen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RIPAC-Labor GmbH, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krishan","family":"Kotthaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK)\u2014Laboratory of Sensors, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antina","family":"L\u00fcbke-Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lothar H.","family":"Wieler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerald A.","family":"Urban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK)\u2014Laboratory of Sensors, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2305.161556","article-title":"The Discovery of Penicillin\u2014New Insights After More Than 75 Years of Clinical Use","volume":"23","author":"Gaynes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. 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