{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T12:16:29Z","timestamp":1767183389080,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP20K19568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20K19568"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015641","name":"Tateisi Science and Technology Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2201014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2201014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015641","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we propose a method to detect Braille blocks from an egocentric viewpoint, which is a key part of many walking support devices for visually impaired people. Our main contribution is to cast this task as a multi-objective optimization problem and exploits both the geometric and the appearance features for detection. Specifically, two objective functions were designed under an evolutionary optimization framework with a line pair modeled as an individual (i.e., solution). Both of the objectives follow the basic characteristics of the Braille blocks, which aim to clarify the boundaries and estimate the likelihood of the Braille block surface. Our proposed method was assessed by an originally collected and annotated dataset under real scenarios. Both quantitative and qualitative experimental results show that the proposed method can detect Braille blocks under various environments. We also provide a comprehensive comparison of the detection performance with respect to different multi-objective optimization algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21082775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T23:35:12Z","timestamp":1618443312000},"page":"2775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Braille Block Detection via Multi-Objective Optimization from an Egocentric Viewpoint"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3603-9903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsubasa","family":"Takano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takumi","family":"Nakane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Akashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, Iwate 020-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0845-9217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s12193-016-0235-6","article-title":"An insight into assistive technology for the visually impaired and blind people: State-of-the-art and future trends","volume":"11","author":"Bhowmick","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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