{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T16:06:32Z","timestamp":1784304392307,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is one of the most important extensions to TCP that enables the use of multiple paths in data transmissions for a TCP connection. In MPTCP, the end hosts transmit data across a number of TCP subflows simultaneously on one connection. MPTCP can sufficiently utilize the bandwidth resources to improve the transmission efficiency while providing TCP fairness to other TCP connections. Meanwhile, it also offers resilience due to multipath data transfers. MPTCP attracts tremendous attention from the academic and industry field due to the explosive data growth in recent times and limited network bandwidth for each single available communication interface. The vehicular Internet-of-Things systems, such as cooperative autonomous driving, require reliable high speed data transmission and robustness. MPTCP could be a promising approach to solve these challenges. In this paper, we first conduct a brief survey of existing MPTCP studies and give a brief overview to multipath routing. Then we discuss the significance technical challenges in applying MPTCP for vehicular networks and point out future research directions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21082793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T21:35:13Z","timestamp":1618522513000},"page":"2793","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["A Brief Review of Multipath TCP for Vehicular Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Luomeng","family":"Chao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 1828585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6853-5878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celimuge","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 1828585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Yoshinaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 1828585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wugedele","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hohhot Minzu College, Hohhot 010051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4364-8491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusheng","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Systems Architecture Research Division, National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo 1018430, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Postel, J. (1980). User Datagram Protocol, IETF. RFC768.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc0768"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Postel, J. (1981). Transmission Control Protocol, IETF. RFC793.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc0793"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart, R. (2007). Stream Control Transmission Protocol, IETF. RFC4960.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc4960"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ford, A., Raiciu, C., Handley, M., and Bonaventure, O. (2013). TCP Extensions for Multipath Operation with Multiple Address, IETF. RFC6824.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc6824"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2020, October 03). Apple Seems to Also Believe in Multipath TCP. Available online: https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/olivier.bonaventure\/blog\/html\/2013\/09\/18\/mptcp.html."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2020, October 03). In Korean, Multipath TCP is pronounced GIGA Path. Available online: http:\/\/blog.multipath-tcp.org\/blog\/html\/2015\/07\/24\/korea.html."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2008.2008094","article-title":"Performance Study of Node-Disjoint Multipath Routing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"58","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Wang, L., Zhang, L.F., Shu, Y.T., and Dong, M. (2000, January 7\u201310). Multipath Source Routing in Wireless Ad-hoc Networks. Proceedings of the 2000 Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, Halifax, NS, Canada."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Marina, M.K., and Das, S.R. (2001, January 11\u201314). On-demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing in Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Network Protocols, Riverside, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Sheu, J.P., Liu, L.W., Jagadeesha, R., and Chang, Y.C. (2016, January 27\u201330). An Efficient Multipath Routing Algorithm for Multipath TCP in Software-Defined Networks. Proceedings of the 2016 European Conference on Networks and Communications (EuCNC), Athens, Greece."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32652","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2974191","article-title":"Multipath Routing and MPTCP-Based Dara Delivery over MANETs","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allman, M., Paxson, V., and Stevens, W. (1999). TCP Congestion Control, IETF. RFC2581.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc2581"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2017.44","article-title":"Innovating transport with QUIC: Design approaches and research challenges","volume":"21","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Comput."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Roskind, J. (2013). QUIC (Quick UDP Internet Connections): Multiplexed Stream Transport over UDP, QUIC. Google Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floyd, S. (2003). HighSpeed TCP for Large Congestion Windows, IETF. RFC3649.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc3649"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1145\/1400097.1400105","article-title":"CUBIC: A new TCP\u2013friendly high-speed TCP variant","volume":"42","author":"Ha","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACM Sigops Oper. Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1145\/956981.956989","article-title":"Scalable TCP: Improving Performance in Highspeed Wide Area Networks","volume":"33","author":"Kelly","year":"2003","journal-title":"ACM Sigcomm Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Xu, L.S., Harfoush, K., and Rhee, I. (2004, January 7\u201311). Binary Increase Congestion Control (BIC) for Fast Long-distance Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2004, Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Jin, C., Wei, D.X., Low, S.H., and Hegde, S. (2004, January 7\u201311). FAST TCP: Motivation, Architecture, Algorithm, Performance. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2004, Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1145\/3012426.3022184","article-title":"BBR: Congestion-Based Congestion Control: Measuring Bottleneck Bandwidth and Round-Trip Propagation Time","volume":"14","author":"Cardwell","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACM Queue."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, K., Song, J.M., Zhang, Q., and Sridharan, M. (2006, January 23\u201329). A Compound TCP Approach for High-speed and Long Distance Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Infocom 2006 25th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2006.188"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2018.2835758","article-title":"QTCP: Adaptive Congestion Control with Reinforcement Learning","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Netw. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2019.2904350","article-title":"Dynamic TCP Initial Windows and Congestion Control Schemes Through Reinforcement Learning","volume":"37","author":"Nie","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2006.882843","article-title":"Concurrent Multipath Transfer Using SCTP Multihoming Over Independent End-to-End Paths","volume":"14","author":"Iyengar","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ford, A., Raiciu, C., Handley, M., Barre, S., and Iyengar, J. (2011). Architectural Guideline for Multipath TCP Development, IETF. RFC6182.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc6182"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paasch, C., Detal, G., Duchene, F., Raiciu, C., and Bonaventure, O. (2012, January 13). Exploring Mobile\/WiFi Handover with Multipath TCP. Proceedings of the 2012 ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Cellular Networks: Operations, Challenges, and Future Design, Helsinki, Finland.","DOI":"10.1145\/2342468.2342476"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Amend, M., Rakocevic, V., Matz, A.P., and Bogenfeld, E. (2018, January 16). RobE: Robust Connection Establishment for Multipath TCP. Proceedings of the Applied Networking Research Workshop, Montreal, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.C., and Towsley, D. (2014, January 14\u201318). On bufferbloat and Delay Analysis of Multipath TCP in Wireless Networks. Proceedings of the 2014 IFIP Networking Conference, Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IFIPNetworking.2014.6857081"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikravesh, A., Guo, Y.H., Qian, F., Mao, Z.M., and Sen, S. (2016, January 3\u20137). An in-depth understanding of multipath TCP on mobile devices: Measurement and system design. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2973750.2973769"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaturvedi, R.K., and Chand, S. (2020). Multipath TCP Security Over Different Attacks, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4081"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Fakhimi, E., Daneshjoo, P., Rezaei, S., Movassagh, A.A., Karimi, R., and Qin, Y.R. (2018, January 28\u201330). MPTCP Throughput Enhancement by Q-learning for Mobile Devices. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC), Exeter, UK."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Gast, N., Khalili, R., Boudec, J.L., and Popovic, M. (2014). Opportunistic Linked-Increases Congestion Control Algorithm for MPTCP. Comput. Sci., Available online: https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Opportunistic-Linked-Increases-Congestion-Control-Gast-Khalili\/0d138cfb2412b931de2a461f21c7a6e19dbf99ef."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Casetti, C., and Gaiotto, W. (2004, January 26\u201329). Westwood SCTP: Load Balancing over Multipaths Using Bandwidth-Aware Source Scheduling. Proceedings of the IEEE 60th Vehicular Technology Conference, Los Angeles, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"105","article-title":"A Throughput Improved Path Selection Method Based on Throughput Prediction Model and Available Bandwidth for MPTCP","volume":"8","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Future Gener. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hesmans, B., Detal, G., Barre, S., and Bauduin, R. (2015, January 1\u20134). SMAPP: Towards smart multipath TCP-enabled application. Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies, Heidelberg, Germany.","DOI":"10.1145\/2716281.2836113"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, V.H., Tazaki, H., De Coninck, Q., and Bonaventure, O. (2018, January 26\u201329). Voice-Activated Applications and Multipath TCP: A Good Match?. Proceedings of the 2018 Network Traffic Measurement and Analysis Conference (TMA), Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.23919\/TMA.2018.8506489"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Quentin, D.C., and Olivier, B. (2017, January 12\u201315). Multipath QUIC: Design and Evaluation. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies, Incheon, Korea."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amend, M., Bogenfeld, E., Cvjetkovic, M., Rakocevic, V., Pieska, M., Kassler, A., and Brunstrom, A. (2019, January 14\u201319). A Framework for Multiaccess Support for Unreliable Internet Traffic using Multipath DCCP. Proceedings of the IEEE 44th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Osnabruch, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/LCN44214.2019.8990746"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1145\/2043164.2018467","article-title":"Improving Datacenter Performance and Robustness with Multipath TCP","volume":"41","author":"Raiciu","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACM Sigcomm Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.C., Lim, Y.S., Gibbens, R.J., Nahum, E.M., Khalili, R., and Towsley, D. (2013, January 23\u201325). A Measurement-based Study of Multipath TCP Performance over Wireless Networks. Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Internet Measurement Conference, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1145\/2504730.2504751"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, S., Netravali, R., Sivaraman, A., and Balakrishnan, H. (2014, January 5\u20137). WiFi, LTE, or Both? Measuring Multi-Homed Wireless Internet Performance. Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Internet Measurement Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/2663716.2663727"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, B., Qian, F., Hao, S., and Ji, L.S. (2015, January 1\u20134). An Anatomy of Mobile Web Performance over Multipath TCP. Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies, Heidelberg, Germany.","DOI":"10.1145\/2716281.2836090"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Croitoru, A., Niculescu, D., and Raiciu, C. (2015, January 4\u20136). Towards WiFi Mobility without Fast Handover. Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, Oakland, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Raiciu, C., Niculescu, D., Bagnulo, M., and Handley, M.J. (July, January 28). Opportunistic Mobility with multipath TCP. Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on MobiArch, Bethesda, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Wischik, D., Raiciu, C., Greenhalgh, A., and Handley, M. (April, January 30). Design, implementation and evaluation of congestion control for Multipath TCP. Proceedings of the 8th USENIX Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raiciu, C., Handley, M., and Wischik, D. (2011). Coupled Congestion Control for Multipath Transport Protocols, IETF. RFC6356.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc6356"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2020, October 03). Multipath TCP in the Linux Kernel. Available online: https:\/\/www.multipath-tcp.org\/."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116195","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2933880","article-title":"A MPTCP Scheduler Combined with Congestion Control for Short Flow Delivery in Signal Transmission","volume":"7","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Cao, Y., Xu, M.W., and Fu, X.M. (November2012, January 30). Delay-based Congestion Control for Multipath TCP. Proceedings of the 2012 20th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP), Austin, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1145\/52325.52356","article-title":"Congestion avoidance and control","volume":"18","author":"Jacobson","year":"1988","journal-title":"ACM Sigcomm Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1145\/2063176.2063196","article-title":"Bufferbloat: Dark buffers in the Internet","volume":"55","author":"Gettys","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACM Commun."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Honda, M., Nishida, Y., Eggert, L., Sarolahti, P., and Tokuda, H. (2009, January 21). Multipath Congestion Control for Shared Bottleneck. Proceedings of the PFLDnet, Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassayoun, S., Iyengar, J., and Ros, D. (2011, January 17\u201320). Dynamic Window Coupling for Multipath Congestion Control. Proceedings of the 19th annual IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNP.2011.6089073"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, A., Xiang, M., Konsgen, A., and Goerg, C. (2013, January 1\u20135). Performance and Fairness Comparison of Extensions to Dynamic Window Coupling for Multipath TCP. Proceedings of the 2013 9th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), Sardinia, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2013.6583684"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H.L., Wang, Y., Sun, R.J., Guo, S., and Wang, H. (2019, January 15\u201318). Delay-Based Congestion Control for Multipath TCP in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshop (WCNCW), Marrakech, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNCW.2019.8902835"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Zhou, D.Z., Song, W., and Shi, M.H. (2013, January 11\u201314). Goodput Improvement for Multipath TCP by Congestion Window Adaptation in Multi-radio Devices. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 10th Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC), Vegas, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2019.2904358","article-title":"Experience-Driven Congestion Control: When Multi-path TCP Meets Deep Reinforcement Learning","volume":"37","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2020.2991106","article-title":"A Software Defined Network based Fuzzy Normalized Neural Adaptive Multipath Congestion Control for Internet of Things","volume":"7","author":"Naeem","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2019.2933761","article-title":"SmartCC: A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Multipath TCP Congestion Control in Heterogeneous Networks","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mai, T.L., Yao, H.P., Jing, Y.Q., Xu, X.B., Wang, X.L., and Ji, Z. (, January 24\u201328). Self-learning Congestion Control of MPTCP in Satellite Communications. Proceedings of the 2019 15th International Wireless Communications Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), Tangier, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2019.8766465"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-018-3408-2","article-title":"ACCP: Adaptive Congestion Control Protocol in Named Data Networking Based on Deep Learning","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carofiglio, G., Gallo, M., Muscariello, L., Papalini, M., and Wang, S. (2013, January 7\u201310). Optimal Multipath Congestion Control and Request Forwarding in Information-Centric Networks. Proceedings of the 21st IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP), G\u00f6ttingen, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNP.2013.6733576"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ndikumana, A., Ullah, S., Kamal, R., Thar, K., Kang, H.S., Moon, S., and Hong, C.S. (2015, January 19\u201321). Network-assisted Congestion Control for Information Centric Networking. Proceedings of the 17th Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium (APNOMS), Busan, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/APNOMS.2015.7275367"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Scharf, M., and Kiesel, S. (December, January 27). Head-of-line-blocking in TCP and SCTP: Analysis and Measurements. Proceedings of the IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Raiciu, C., Paasch, C., Barre, S., Ford, A., Duchene, F., Honda, M., Bonaventure, O., and Handley, M. (2012, January 25\u201327). How Hard Can It Be? Designing and Implementing a Deployable Multipath TCP. Proceedings of the 9th USENIX Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, San Jose, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frommgen, A., Erbshauber, T., Alejandro, B., and Zimmermann, T. (2016, January 22\u201327). ReMP TCP: Low Latency Multipath TCP. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2016.7510787"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Barre, S. (2011). Implementation and Assessment of Modern Host-Based Multipath Solutions. [Ph.D. Thesis, Louvain School of Engineering Universite catholique de Louvain]."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Yang, F., Amar, P., and Ekiz, N. (2016, January 22\u201325). A Scheduler for Multipath TCP. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN), Las Vegas, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dreibholz, T., Becke, M., Rathgeb, E.P., and Tuxen, M. (2010, January 6\u201310). On the Use of Concurent Multipath Transfer over Asymmetric Paths. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference GLOBECOM, Miami, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2010.5683579"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Oliveira, S.F., Dreibholz, T., and Alay, O. (2014, January 26\u201327). Tackling the Challenge of Bufferbloat in Multi-Path Transport over Heterogeneous Wireless Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE 22nd International Symposium of Quality of Service (IWQoS), Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasegawa, Y., Yamaguchi, I., Hama, T., Shimonishi, H., and Murase, T. (December, January 28). Improved Data Distribution for Multipath TCP Communication. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, St. Louis, MO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2005.1577632"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y.E., Nikravesh, A., Mao, Z.M., Qian, F., and Sen, S. (2017, January 16\u201320). Accelerating multipath transport through balanced subflow completion. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, Snowbird, UT, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3117811.3117829"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferlin, S., Alay, O., Mehani, O., and Boreli, R. (2016, January 17\u201319). BLEST: Blocking estimation-based MPTCP scheduler for heterogeneous networks. Proceedings of the 2016 IFIP Networking Conference and Workshops, Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.1109\/IFIPNetworking.2016.7497206"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirani, F.H., Boukhatem, N., and Tran, M.A. (2010, January 6\u20139). A Data-Scheduling Mechanism for Multi-Homed Mobile Terminals with Disparate Link Latencies. Proceedings of the IEEE 72nd Vehicular Technology Conference\u2014Fall, Ottawa, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECF.2010.5594280"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2753398","article-title":"DPSAF: Forward Prediction Based Dynamic Packet Scheduling and Adjusting with Feedback for Multipath TCP in Lossy Heterogeneous Networks","volume":"67","author":"Xue","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni, D., Xue, K.P., Hong, P.L., and Shen, S. (2014, January 4\u20137). Fine-grained Forward Prediction based Dynamic Packet Scheduling Mechanism for Multipath TCP in Lossy Networks. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCN.2014.6911726"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, J., and Yoo, J. (2015, January 7\u201310). Packet Scheduling for Multipath TCP. Proceedings of the 2015 Seventh International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks, Sapporo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUFN.2015.7182529"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paasch, C., Ferlin, S., Alay, O., and Bonaventure, O. (2014, January 18). Experimental Evaluation of Multipath TCP Schedulers. Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Capacity Sharing Workshop, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2630088.2631977"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chayyasith, S., Polpoint, P., and Khunboa, C. (2017, January 27\u201330). The Path Scheduling for MPTCP End-to-End Hosts. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Electrical Engineering\/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON), Phuket, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECTICon.2017.8096189"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Li, W.Z., Gao, S.H., Wang, X.L., and Ye, B.L. (May, January 29). ReLes: A Neural Adaptive Multipath Scheduler based on Deep Reinforcement Learning. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2019\u2013IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2019.8737649"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Luo, J.C., Su, X., and Liu, B. (May, January 29). A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Multipath TCP Data Scheduling. Proceedings of the IEEE 9th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC), Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosello, M.M. (2019, January 18\u201321). Multi-path Scheduling with Deep Reinforcement Learning. Proceedings of the 2019 European Conference on Networks and Communications (EuCNC), Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCNC.2019.8802063"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2013.2274462","article-title":"MPTCP Is Not Pareto-Optimal: Performance Issues and a Possible Solution","volume":"5","author":"Khalili","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Withnell, R., and Edwards, C. (2015, January 26\u201329). Towards a Context Aware Multipath-TCP. Proceedings of the IEEE 40th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Clearwater Beach, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/LCN.2015.7366312"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, Y.S., Chen, Y., Nahum, E.M., Towsley, D., and Lee, K. (May, January 27). Cross-Layer path management in multi-path transport protocol for mobile devices. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2014\u2014IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2014.6848120"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coudron, M., Secci, S., Pujolle, G., and Raad, P. (2013, January 11\u201313). Cross-layer Cooperation to Boost Multipath TCP Performance in Cloud Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE 2nd International Conference on Cloud Networking (CloudNet), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CloudNet.2013.6710558"},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Pol, R.V.D., Boele, S., Dijkstra, F., Barczyk, A., Malenstein, G.V., Chen, J.H., and Mambretti, J. (2012, January 10\u201316). Multipathing with MPTCP and OpenFlow. Proceedings of the 2012 SC Companion: High Performance Computing, Networking Storage and Analysis, Salt Lake City, UT, USA."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sonkoly, B., N\u00e9meth, F., Csikor, L., Guly\u00e1s, L., and Guly\u00e1s, A. (2014, January 10\u201314). SDN Based Testbeds for Evaluating and Promoting Multipath TCP. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2014.6883788"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hopps, C. (2000). Analysis of an Equal-Cost Multi-Path Algorithm, IETF. RFC2992.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc2992"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandri, M., Silva, A., Rocha, L.A., and Verdi, F.L. (2015, January 25\u201327). On the Benefits of Using Multipath TCP and Openflow in Shared Bottlenecks. Proceedings of the IEEE 29th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, Gwangju, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/AINA.2015.159"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.05.015","article-title":"Improve MPTCP with SDN: From the perspective of resource pooling","volume":"141","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, K., Xu, C.Q., Qin, J.R., Zhong, L.J., and Muntean, G.M. (2019, January 20\u201324). A Stochastic Optimal Scheduler for Multipath TCP in Software Defined Wireless Network. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2019.8761974"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2011.120211.111818","article-title":"ecMTCP: An Energy-Aware Congestion Control Algorithm for Multipath TCP","volume":"16","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Pluntke, C., Eggert, L., and Kiukkonen, N. (July, January 28). Saving Mobile Device Energy with Multipath TCP. Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on MobiArch, Bethesda, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, Q.Y., Chen, M.H., Walid, A., and Low, S.H. (2014, January 11\u201314). Energy Efficient Multipath TCP for Mobile Devices. Proceedings of the 15th ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing, Philadelphia, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2632951.2632971"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, Y.S., Chen, Y.C., Nahum, E.M., Towsley, D., Gibbens, R.J., and Cecchet, E. (2015, January 1\u20134). Design, Implementation, and evaluation of energy-aware multi-path TCP. Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies, Heidelberg, Germany.","DOI":"10.1145\/2716281.2836115"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bechler, M., Jaap, S., and Wolf, L. (2005, January 19\u201324). An Optimized TCP for Internet Access of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Research in NETWORKING: Networking Technologies, Services, and Protocols; Performance of Computer and Communication Networks; Mobile and Wireless Communications Systems, Pisa, Italy.","DOI":"10.1007\/11422778_70"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duo, R., Wu, C., Yoshinaga, T., Zhang, J.F., and Ji, Y.S. (2020). SDN-based Handover Scheme in Cellular\/IEEE 802.11p Hybrid Vehicular Networks. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20041082"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mena, J., Bankole, P., and Gerla, M. (2017, January 5\u20139). Multipath TCP on a VANET: A Performance Study. Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGMETRICS\/International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3078505.3078555"},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Williams, N., Abeysekera, P., Dyer, N., Vu, H., and Armitage, G. (2014). Multipath TCP in Vehicular to Infrastructure Communications, Swinburne University of Technology. Centre for Advanced Internet Architectures, Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, D.Y., Xu, C.Q., Qin, J.R., Zhou, Z., and Guan, J.F. (2017, January 26\u201330). Mobility-aware Multimedia Data Transfer Using Multipath TCP in Vehicular Network. Proceedings of the 13th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2017.7986429"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cloud, J., Calmon, F.D.P., Zeng, W.F., Pau, G., and Zeger, L.M. (2013, January 2\u20135). Multi-Path TCP with Network Coding for Mobile Devices in Heterogeneous Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE 78th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Fall), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2013.6692295"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, Y.H., Xie, D.L., Wang, S.Y., and Zhong, M. (2015, January 19\u201323). Multi-path transmission protocol in VANET. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE), Shenzhen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVE.2015.25"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H.T., Zhang, M.K., Yu, H.S., Mao, T.Q., and Zhu, H.B. (2018, January 18\u201320). Multipath TCP Path Scheduling Optimization Based on Q-Learning in Vehicular Heterogeneous Networks. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP), Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP.2018.8555573"},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"96","article-title":"Armitage, G. Requirements-driven and Multi-homed-based multipath TCP Congestion Control Algorithm for Vehicular Network","volume":"37","author":"Nan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Dong, P., Du, X.J., Zheng, T., and Zhang, H.K. (2015, January 16\u201318). Improving QoS on High-Speed Vehicle by Multipath Transmission Based on Practical Experiment. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC), Kyoto, Japan."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, M.S., Kim, W.T., Lee, J.B., and Lee, Y.W. (2015, January 19\u201321). Architectural Perspective on Collaborative Multipath TCP in Mobile Environment. Proceedings of the 17th Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium (APNOMS), Busan, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/APNOMS.2015.7275370"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rene, S., Exposito, E., Gineste, M., Alins, J., and Oscar, E. (2015, January 11\u201314). Multipath TCP Architecture for Infotainment Multimedia Applications in Vehicular Network. Proceedings of the IEEE 81st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Glasgow, Scotland.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2015.7145942"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chirwa, R.M.N., and Lauf, A.P. (2014, January 15\u201317). Performance improvement of transmission in Unmanned Aerial Systems using multipath TCP. In Proceeding of the 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Signal Processing and Information Technology (ISSPIT), Noida, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSPIT.2014.7300557"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s12243-018-0660-5","article-title":"Adaptive Offloading with MPTCP for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Surveillance System","volume":"73","author":"Jung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Telecommun."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"Gupta, S.K., and Khara, S. (2015, January 15\u201316). Technique to Improve the File Transfer Outcomes Between Road Side Unit and Vehicles in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation, Greater Noida, India."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2016.06.004","article-title":"A systematic technical survey of DTN and VDTN routing protocols","volume":"48","author":"Filho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Stand. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perkins, C.E., and Royer, E.M. (1999, January 25\u201326). Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing. Proceedings of the Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, New Orleans, Louisiana.","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSA.1999.749281"},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"153","article-title":"Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks","volume":"Volume 353","author":"Imielinski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mobile Cimputing"},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"Perkins, C.E., and Bhagwat, P. (September, January 31). Highly Dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) for Mobile Computers. Proceedings of the Conference on Communications Architectures, Protocols and Applications, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"Park, V.D., and Corson, M.S. (2001). Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) Version 1: Functional Specification, IETF."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., and Wang, Y.H. (2011). Performance Study of Multi-Path in VANETs and Their Impact on Routing Protocols. Wirel. Eng. Technol.","DOI":"10.4236\/wet.2011.23018"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.F., Xiang, Z.T., Jian, W., and Jiang, W.R. (2009, January 3\u20135). An Improved AOMDV Routing Protocol for V2V Communication. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2009.5164438"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, C.S., Hu, S.C., and Hsu, C.S. (2010, January 16\u201318). Design of Fast Restoration Multipath Routing in VANETs. Proceedings of the 2010 International Computer Symposium (ICS2010), Tainan, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMPSYM.2010.5685414"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-014-0302-2","article-title":"Fault-aware Flow Control and Multi-path Routing in VANETs","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Peer -Peer Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-018-5965-1","article-title":"Collaboration of Trusted Node and QoS Based Energy Multi Path Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"103","author":"Baskar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1109\/JCN.2018.000026","article-title":"Optimal Video Packet Distribution in Multipath Routing for Urban VANETs","volume":"20","author":"Salkuyeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quadros, C., Cerqueira, E., Santos, A., and Gerla, M. (2014, January 5\u20139). A Multi-flow-Driven Mechanism to Support Live Video Streaming on VANETs. Proceedings of the 2014 Brazilian Symposium on Computer Networks and Distributed Systems, Florianopolis, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/SBRC.2014.56"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saritha, V., Krishna, P.V., Misra, S., and Obaidat, M.S. (2017, January 21\u201325). Learning Automata Based Optimized Multipath Routing Using Leapfrog Algorithm for VANETs. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2017.7997401"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devangavi, A.D., and Gupta, R. (2018, January 9\u201310). Bezier Curve based Multipath Routing in VANET. Proceedings of the 2018 Second International Conference on Advances in Electronics, Computers and Communications (ICAECC), Bangalore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAECC.2018.8479488"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2822","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2016.2529178","article-title":"An Adaptive Multipath Geographic Routing for Video Transmission in Urban VANETs","volume":"17","author":"Salkuyeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2009.12.006","article-title":"PROMPT: A Cross-Layer Position-Based Communication Protocol for Delay-Aware Vehicular Access Networks","volume":"8","author":"Jarupan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_128","unstructured":"Rehman, S.U., Khan, M.A., and Zia, T.A. (2014, January 19). Cross Layer Routing for VANETs. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks, Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3254","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.3254","article-title":"A Novel Method for Multipath Routing Using Cross Layer Approach in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks","volume":"30","author":"Bhagyavathi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.F., Xiang, Z.T., Jian, W., and Jiang, W.R. (2010, January 16\u201320). An Adaptive Cross-Layer Multi-Path Routing Protocol for Urban VANET. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on Automation and Logistics, Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAL.2010.5585356"},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"45","article-title":"Dynamic Source Routing Multipath Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks with Directional Antenna","volume":"Volume 106","author":"Omidyar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mobile and Wireless Communications"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, H.L., Agrawal, P., and Kshirsagar, R.V. (2014, January 9\u201311). Multipath Reliable Range Node Selection Distance Vector Routing for VANET: Design Approach. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Electronic Systems, Signal Processing and Computing Technologies, Nagpur, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICESC.2014.53"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y.M., Huang, W.T., and Tang, Y.L. (2015, January 25\u201327). Map-Based Multi-Path Routing Protocol in VANETs. Proceedings of the IEEE 9th International Conference on Anti-counterfeiting, Security, and Identification (ASID), Xiamen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASID.2015.7405680"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalogeiton, E., Kolonko, T., and Braun, T. (2017, January 28\u201330). A Multihop and Multipath Routing Protocol Using NDN for VANETs. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Mediterranean Ad Hoc Networking Workshop (Med-Hoc-Net), Budva, Montenegro.","DOI":"10.1109\/MedHocNet.2017.8001640"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/8\/2793\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:48:28Z","timestamp":1760161708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/8\/2793"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s21082793"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21082793","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]}}}