{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T02:36:29Z","timestamp":1778034989016,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]],"date-time":"2021-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malaysians generate 15,000 tons of food waste per day and dispose of it in the landfill, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. As a solution for the stated problem, this research aims to produce an excellent quality bokashi compost from household organic waste using a smart composting bin. The bokashi composting method is conducted, whereby banana peels are composted with three types of bokashi brans prepared using 12, 22, and 32 mL of EM-1 mother cultured. During the 14 days composting process, the smart composting bin collected the temperature, air humidity, and moisture content produced by the bokashi-composting process. With the ATmega328 microcontroller, these data were uploaded and synchronized to Google Sheet via WIFI. After the bokashi-composting process was completed, three of each bokashi compost and a control sample were buried in separate black soil for three weeks to determine each compost\u2019s effectiveness. NPK values and the C\/N ratio were analyzed on the soil compost. From the research, 12 mL of EM-1 shows the most effective ratio to the bokashi composting, as it resulted in a faster decomposition rate and has an optimum C\/N ratio. Bokashi composting can help to reduce household food wastes. An optimum amount of the EM-1 used during the bokashi-composting process will produce good quality soil without contributing to environmental issues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21082847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T21:59:49Z","timestamp":1618869589000},"page":"2847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Optimization of Bokashi-Composting Process Using Effective Microorganisms-1 in Smart Composting Bin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Pei Sze","family":"Lew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5627-6861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nik Nor Liyana","family":"Nik Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5274-3725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suryani","family":"Kamarudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norashikin M.","family":"Thamrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agrosen Lab, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamad Farid","family":"Misnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Kampus Pasir Gudang, Universiti Teknologi Mara Cawangan Johor, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2008.08.031","article-title":"Sustainable solutions for solid waste management in Southeast Asian countries","volume":"29","author":"Ngoc","year":"2009","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Dhillon, D.S. 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