{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:56:28Z","timestamp":1760234188972,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["FRF-BD-20-11A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRF-BD-20-11A"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific and Technological Innovation Foundation of Shunde Graduate School","award":["BK19AF005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK19AF005"]}]},{"name":"the Industry University Research Cooperation Project","award":["39110067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["39110067"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the transition of the mobile communication networks, the network goal of the Internet of everything further promotes the development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Since the directional sensor has the performance advantage of long-term regional monitoring, how to realize coverage optimization of Directional Sensor Networks (DSNs) becomes more important. The coverage optimization of DSNs is usually solved for one of the variables such as sensor azimuth, sensing radius, and time schedule. To reduce the computational complexity, we propose an optimization coverage scheme with a boundary constraint of eliminating redundancy for DSNs. Combined with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, a Virtual Angle Boundary-aware Particle Swarm Optimization (VAB-PSO) is designed to reduce the computational burden of optimization problems effectively. The VAB-PSO algorithm generates the boundary constraint position between the sensors according to the relationship among the angles of different sensors, thus obtaining the boundary of particle search and restricting the search space of the algorithm. Meanwhile, different particles search in complementary space to improve the overall efficiency. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm with a boundary constraint can effectively improve the coverage and convergence speed of the algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21082868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T21:59:49Z","timestamp":1618869589000},"page":"2868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Virtual Angle Boundary-Aware Particle Swarm Optimization to Maximize the Coverage of Directional Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4665-294X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2887-8395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huangfu","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Shunde Graduate School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan 528300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22893","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2969980","article-title":"Combination of Ultra-Dense Networks and Other 5G Enabling Technologies: A Survey","volume":"8","author":"Adedoyin","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2786639","article-title":"Internet of Things (IoT): Research, Simulators, and Testbeds","volume":"5","author":"Chernyshev","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2006.10.002","article-title":"A survey on wireless multimedia sensor networks","volume":"51","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. 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