{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T10:56:09Z","timestamp":1774522569363,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays, there is increasing interest in fast, accurate, and highly sensitive smart gas sensors with excellent selectivity boosted by the high demand for environmental safety and healthcare applications. Significant research has been conducted to develop sensors based on novel highly sensitive and selective materials. Computational and experimental studies have been explored in order to identify the key factors in providing the maximum active location for gas molecule adsorption including bandgap tuning through nanostructures, metal\/metal oxide catalytic reactions, and nano junction formations. However, there are still great challenges, specifically in terms of selectivity, which raises the need for combining interdisciplinary fields to build smarter and high-performance gas\/chemical sensing devices. This review discusses current major gas sensing performance-enhancing methods, their advantages, and limitations, especially in terms of selectivity and long-term stability. The discussion then establishes a case for the use of smart machine learning techniques, which offer effective data processing approaches, for the development of highly selective smart gas sensors. We highlight the effectiveness of static, dynamic, and frequency domain feature extraction techniques. Additionally, cross-validation methods are also covered; in particular, the manipulation of the k-fold cross-validation is discussed to accurately train a model according to the available datasets. We summarize different chemresistive and FET gas sensors and highlight their shortcomings, and then propose the potential of machine learning as a possible and feasible option. The review concludes that machine learning can be very promising in terms of building the future generation of smart, sensitive, and selective sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21082877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T05:35:25Z","timestamp":1618896925000},"page":"2877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":233,"title":["Chemical Gas Sensors: Recent Developments, Challenges, and the Potential of Machine Learning\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7284-454X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Usman","family":"Yaqoob","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Mohammad I.","family":"Younis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230252929954","article-title":"Air Pollution and Brain Damage","volume":"30","author":"Azzarelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.08.030","article-title":"Health effects of air pollution","volume":"114","author":"Bernstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.02.008","article-title":"Gas sensor network for air-pollution monitoring","volume":"110","author":"Tsujita","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1557\/PROC-814-I7.14","article-title":"Flexible Substrate Based Gas Sensors for Air Pollution Monitoring","volume":"814","author":"Dmitriev","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00014","article-title":"Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Manisalidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-018-2750-5","article-title":"A review on chemiresistive room temperature gas sensors based on metal oxide nanostructures, graphene and 2D transition metal dichalcogenides","volume":"185","author":"Joshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.7b00620","article-title":"Amperometric Gas Sensors as a Low Cost Emerging Technology Platform for Air Quality Monitoring Applications: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Baron","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B610","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0501713jes","article-title":"Review\u2014Electrochemical NOxGas Sensors Based on Stabilized Zirconia","volume":"164","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.04.025","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes based transistors as gas sensors: State of the art and critical review","volume":"140","author":"Bondavalli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.04.070","article-title":"Hydrogen sensors\u2014A review","volume":"157","author":"Hubert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s40684-018-0017-6","article-title":"A review on optical fiber sensors for environmental monitoring","volume":"5","author":"Joe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mujahid, A., and Dickert, F.L. (2017). Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) for Chemical Sensing Applications of Recognition Layers. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122716"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"357","article-title":"Review of Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors for the Detection and Identification of Toxic Environmental Gases\/Vapours","volume":"43","author":"Panneerselvam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.7b00014","article-title":"Fast Surface Acoustic Wave-Based Sensors to Investigate the Kinetics of Gas Uptake in Ultra-Microporous Frameworks","volume":"2","author":"Paschke","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1080\/10408436.2016.1244656","article-title":"Noble Metal Decorated Graphene-Based Gas Sensors and Their Fabrication: A Review","volume":"42","author":"Singhal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Solid State"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.04.062","article-title":"Recent advances in graphene based gas sensors","volume":"218","author":"Varghese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-015-0073-1","article-title":"A Review on Graphene-Based Gas\/Vapor Sensors with Unique Properties and Potential Applications","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.01.138","article-title":"Foldable hydrogen sensor using Pd nanocubes dispersed into multiwall carbon nanotubes-reduced graphene oxide network assembled on nylon filter membrane","volume":"229","author":"Yaqoob","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2018.09.061","article-title":"A review on chemiresistive gas sensors based on carbon nanotubes: Device and technology transformation","volume":"283","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.9b00514","article-title":"Review of Carbon and Graphene Quantum Dots for Sensing","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.11.356","article-title":"Synthesizing Graphene Quantum Dots for Gas Sensing Applications","volume":"168","author":"Raeyani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8065","DOI":"10.1021\/ac401880h","article-title":"Carbon Quantum Dot-Functionalized Aerogels for NO2 Gas Sensing","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, Y., Li, R., Chen, R.S., Wang, J., and Xiang, L. (2018). 3D Architectured Graphene\/Metal Oxide Hybrids for Gas Sensors: A Review. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051456"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11819","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b01229","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Crumpled Graphene-Based Nanosheets with Ultrahigh NO2 Gas Sensibility","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2020.111875","article-title":"Transition metal dichalcogenides-based flexible gas sensors","volume":"303","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.8b01077","article-title":"Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides and Metal Oxide Hybrids for Gas Sensing","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2017.10.021","article-title":"Room-temperature gas sensing of ZnO-based gas sensor: A review","volume":"267","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2014.06.003","article-title":"SnO2: A comprehensive review on structures and gas sensors","volume":"66","author":"Das","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.7.164","article-title":"Nanostructured TiO2-based gas sensors with enhanced sensitivity to reducing gases","volume":"7","author":"Maziarz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Nanotech."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2019.153194","article-title":"A review on WO3 based gas sensors: Morphology control and enhanced sensing properties","volume":"820","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.126871","article-title":"Rationally designed mesoporous In2O3 nanofibers functionalized Pt catalysts for high-performance acetone gas sensors","volume":"298","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NH00404A","article-title":"Understanding the noble metal modifying effect on In2O3 nanowires: Highly sensitive and selective gas sensors for potential early screening of multiple diseases","volume":"4","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale Horiz."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2019.06.329","article-title":"A review on recent progress of p-type nickel oxide based gas sensors: Future perspectives","volume":"805","author":"Mokoena","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alloy Compd."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2016.09.052","article-title":"A novel gas sensor based on Ag\/Fe2O3 core-shell nanocomposites","volume":"42","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-015-4200-z","article-title":"\u03b1-Fe2O3 based nanomaterials as gas sensors","volume":"27","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.03.082","article-title":"An acetone gas sensor based on nanosized Pt-loaded Fe2O3 nanocubes","volume":"290","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5469","DOI":"10.3390\/s100605469","article-title":"Metal Oxide Semi-Conductor Gas Sensors in Environmental Monitoring","volume":"10","author":"Fine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s13391-018-0044-z","article-title":"Recent Developments in 2D Nanomaterials for Chemiresistive-Type Gas Sensors","volume":"14","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electron. Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.9b00769","article-title":"Three-Dimensional-Structured Boron- and Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Hydrogel Enabling High-Sensitivity NO2 Detection at Room Temperature","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahaman, M.H., Yaqoob, U., and Kim, H.C. (2019). Fast Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation of Pt\/Pd Bimetal Decorated over Nano-Structured Ag Islands Grown on Alumina Substrates. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19010086"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.127814","article-title":"Fast hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of Pd-Mg bimetal capped Ti nano-particles layer deposited on Si substrate","volume":"309","author":"Rahaman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.10.088","article-title":"A high-performance flexible NO2 sensor based on WO3 NPs decorated on MWCNTs and RGO hybrids on PI\/PET substrates","volume":"224","author":"Yaqoob","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yaqoob, U., and Chung, G.S. (2016). Highly flexible room temperature NO2 sensor based on WO3 nanoparticles loaded MWCNTs-RGO hybrid. Proc. SPIE, 9749.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2202691"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22664","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR07699A","article-title":"Gas sensing mechanisms of metal oxide semiconductors: A focus review","volume":"11","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Hashem, M., Akbar, S., and Morris, P. (2019). Role of Oxygen Vacancies in Nanostructured Metal-Oxide Gas Sensors: A Review. Sens. Actuators B Chem., 301.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.126845"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20704","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c04398","article-title":"Oxygen Vacancies Enabled Porous SnO2 Thin Films for Highly Sensitive Detection of Triethylamine at Room Temperature","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.10.101","article-title":"High-performance reduced graphene oxide-based room-temperature NO2 sensors: A combined surface modification of SnO2 nanoparticles and nitrogen doping approach","volume":"242","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b04048","article-title":"Ultraselective Toluene-Gas Sensor: Nanosized Gold Loaded on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"90","author":"Suematsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ueda, T., Boehme, I., Hyodo, T., Shimizu, Y., Weimar, U., and Barsan, N. (2020). Enhanced NO2-Sensing Properties of Au-Loaded Porous In2O3 Gas Sensors at Low Operating Temperatures. Chemosensors, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors8030072"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2018.09.020","article-title":"Metal oxide -based heterostructures for gas sensors\u2014A review","volume":"1039","author":"Zappa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.01.049","article-title":"Synergistic effects in gas sensing semiconducting oxide nano-heterostructures: A review","volume":"286","author":"Walker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.05.049","article-title":"Conduction mechanisms in one dimensional core-shell nanostructures for gas sensing: A review","volume":"295","author":"Karnati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9462","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b00055","article-title":"Facile Approach to Synthesize Au@ZnO Core-Shell Nanoparticles and Their Application for Highly Sensitive and Selective Gas Sensors","volume":"7","author":"Majhi","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14586","DOI":"10.3390\/s140814586","article-title":"Enhanced Ethanol Gas Sensing Properties of SnO2-Core\/ZnO-Shell Nanostructures","volume":"14","author":"Tharsika","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.02.069","article-title":"Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) decorated TiO2 microspheres for selective room-temperature gas sensors","volume":"230","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaelm.9b00210","article-title":"All-Transparent NO2 Gas Sensors Based on Free-standing Al-Doped ZnO Nanofibers","volume":"1","author":"Sanger","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.09.117","article-title":"Bimetal PdAu decorated SnO2 nanosheets based gas sensor with temperature-dependent dual selectivity for detecting formaldehyde and acetone","volume":"283","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8091","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b17201","article-title":"Pentagram-Shaped Ag@Pt Core\u2013Shell Nanostructures as High-Performance Catalysts for Formaldehyde Detection","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, S., Farha, F., Li, Q., Wan, Y., Xu, Y., Zhang, T., and Ning, H. (2019). Review on Smart Gas Sensing Technology. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19173760"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201800488","article-title":"Electronic Noses: From Advanced Materials to Sensors Aided with Data Processing","volume":"4","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068121q","article-title":"Electronic Nose: Current Status and Future Trends","volume":"108","author":"Barsan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2285919","article-title":"Drift Compensation for Electronic Nose by Semi-Supervised Domain Adaption","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2010.2055236","article-title":"Online Drift Compensation for Chemical Sensors Using Estimation Theory","volume":"11","author":"Wenzel","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemolab.2009.10.002","article-title":"Drift compensation of gas sensor array data by Orthogonal Signal Correction","volume":"100","author":"Padilla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.11.034","article-title":"Drift compensation of gas sensor array data by common principal component analysis","volume":"146","author":"Ziyatdinov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2002.800688","article-title":"Pattern analysis for machine olfaction: A review","volume":"2","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2010.2091281","article-title":"Domain Adaptation via Transfer Component Analysis","volume":"22","author":"Pan","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Networks"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2015.2504420","article-title":"A Survey on Evolutionary Computation Approaches to Feature Selection","volume":"20","author":"Xue","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(02)00247-2","article-title":"On the study of feature extraction methods for an electronic nose","volume":"87","author":"Distante","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27804","DOI":"10.3390\/s151127804","article-title":"Electronic Nose Feature Extraction Methods: A Review","volume":"15","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.08.026","article-title":"Multi-component optical sensing of high temperature gas streams using functional oxide integrated silica based optical fiber sensors","volume":"255","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.12.049","article-title":"Performance of artificial neural networks and linear models to quantify 4 trace gas species in an oil and gas production region with low-cost sensors","volume":"283","author":"Casey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salhi, L., Silverston, T., Yamazaki, T., and Miyoshi, T. (2019, January 11\u201313). Early Detection System for Gas Leakage and Fire in Smart Home Using Machine Learning. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCE.2019.8661990"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.08.145","article-title":"STEM-Cathodoluminescence of SnO2 nanowires and powders","volume":"240","author":"Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ppsc.201800077","article-title":"Size and Shape Effect of Gold Nanoparticles in \u201cFar-Field\u201d Surface Plasmon Resonance","volume":"36","author":"Zhuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Part. Part. Syst. Charact."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spmi.2009.07.036","article-title":"Shape-dependent plasmon resonances of Ag nanostructures","volume":"47","author":"Filippo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Superlattice Microst."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9750","DOI":"10.1021\/jp300446z","article-title":"Quantum Size Effects on the Chemical Sensing Performance of Two-Dimensional Semiconductors","volume":"116","author":"Nah","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.05.030","article-title":"Competitive influence of grain size and crystallinity on gas sensing performances of ZnO nanofibers","volume":"185","author":"Katoch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.07.074","article-title":"Nanoscale metal oxide-based heterojunctions for gas sensing: A review","volume":"204","author":"Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2020.00022","article-title":"First-Principles Insight Into Au-Doped MoS2 for Sensing C2H6 and C2H4","volume":"7","author":"Qian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mater."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2018.05.033","article-title":"High-sensitivity and fast-response hydrogen sensor for safety application using Pt nanoparticle-decorated 3D graphene","volume":"144","author":"Phan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"U522","article-title":"Spontaneous hierarchical assembly of rhodium nanoparticles into spherical aggregates and superlattices","volume":"229","author":"Ewers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. S"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1021\/ar7000974","article-title":"Synthesis of silver nanostructures with controlled shapes and properties","volume":"40","author":"Wiley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.12.031","article-title":"Synthesis of flower-like ZnO microstructures for gas sensor applications","volume":"178","author":"Rai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2014.03.080","article-title":"Ce-doped ZnO nanorods based low operation temperature NO2 gas sensors","volume":"40","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2016.05.053","article-title":"Both oxygen vacancies defects and porosity facilitated NO2 gas sensing response in 2D ZnO nanowalls at room temperature","volume":"682","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alloy Compd."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.7b10833","article-title":"3R TaS2 Surpasses the Corresponding 1T and 2H Phases for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction","volume":"122","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spmi.2015.05.050","article-title":"First-principles study of group V and VII impurities in SnS2","volume":"85","author":"Xia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Superlattices Microstruct."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.04.013","article-title":"A novel Pd nanocube\u2013graphene hybrid for hydrogen detection","volume":"199","author":"Phan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"1","article-title":"Porous 3D graphene-based bulk materials with exceptional high surface area and excellent conductivity for supercapacitors","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1021\/ar200229q","article-title":"Focusing on Energy and Optoelectronic Applications: A Journey for Graphene and Graphene Oxide at Large Scale","volume":"45","author":"Wan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115504","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/aaa79d","article-title":"Pt decorated MoS2nanoflakes for ultrasensitive resistive humidity sensor","volume":"29","author":"Burman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physleta.2019.126057","article-title":"A first-principle investigation of NO2 adsorption behavior on Co, Rh, and Ir-embedded graphitic carbon nitride: Looking for highly sensitive gas sensor","volume":"384","author":"Basharnavaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. A"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8632","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9632","article-title":"Ultrahigh sensitivity and layer-dependent sensing performance of phosphorene-based gas sensors","volume":"6","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocom.2016.09.004","article-title":"Ab initio study on gas sensing properties of group III (B, Al and Ga) doped graphene","volume":"9","author":"Varghese","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025317","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4942491","article-title":"Adsorption of CO molecules on doped graphene: A first-principles study","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.07.039","article-title":"Adsorption sensitivity of metal atom decorated bilayer graphene toward toxic gas molecules (CO, NO, SO2 and HCN)","volume":"238","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physe.2019.05.006","article-title":"Adsorption of H2O molecule on TM (Au, Ag) doped-MoS2 mono-layer: A first-principles study","volume":"113","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. E"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-8-425","article-title":"Adsorption of gas molecules on monolayer MoS2 and effect of applied electric field","volume":"8","author":"Yue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2013.12.095","article-title":"Mechanism of NOx sensing on WO3 surface: First principle calculations","volume":"293","author":"Saadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11335","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ta11516j","article-title":"Mechanism enhancing gas sensing and first-principle calculations of Al-doped ZnO nanostructures","volume":"1","author":"Bai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123504","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4753974","article-title":"Recovery improvement of graphene-based gas sensors functionalized with nanoscale heterojunctions","volume":"101","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7426","DOI":"10.1021\/am500843p","article-title":"Fully Printed, Rapid-Response Sensors Based on Chemically Modified Graphene for Detecting NO2 at Room Temperature","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2966","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR09076A","article-title":"Au decoration of a graphene microchannel for self-activated chemoresistive flexible gas sensors with substantially enhanced response to hydrogen","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b03869","article-title":"Pore-Size-Tuned Graphene Oxide Membrane as a Selective Molecular Sieving Layer: Toward Ultraselective Chemiresistors","volume":"92","author":"Jang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4879","DOI":"10.1021\/nn400026u","article-title":"Sensing Behavior of Atomically Thin-Layered MoS2 Transistors","volume":"7","author":"Late","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181462","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.181462","article-title":"Highly sensitive two-dimensional MoS2 gas sensor decorated with Pt nanoparticles","volume":"5","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2017.12.036","article-title":"Semiconductor metal oxide gas sensors: A review","volume":"229","author":"Dey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B Adv."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1021\/nl050082v","article-title":"Enhanced gas sensing by individual SnO2 nanowires and nanobelts functionalized with Pd catalyst particles","volume":"5","author":"Kolmakov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.04.004","article-title":"Au@ZnO core-shell structure for gaseous formaldehyde sensing at room temperature","volume":"199","author":"Chung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.03.092","article-title":"Fabrication of hetero-structured p-CuO\/n-SnO2 core-shell nanowires for enhanced sensitive and selective formaldehyde detection","volume":"290","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22051","DOI":"10.1021\/am505127g","article-title":"Ultrasensitive Hydrogen Sensor Based on Pt-Decorated WO3 Nanorods Prepared by Glancing-Angle dc Magnetron Sputtering","volume":"6","author":"Horprathum","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3446","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.8b00627","article-title":"Single-Crystal Pt-Decorated WO3 Ultrathin Films: A Platform for Sub-ppm Hydrogen Sensing at Room Temperature","volume":"1","author":"Mattoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1021\/ac303148a","article-title":"Selective Diagnosis of Diabetes Using Pt-Functionalized WO3Hemitube Networks as a Sensing Layer of Acetone in Exhaled Breath","volume":"85","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(98)00156-7","article-title":"NOx gas sensing characteristics of WO3 thin films activated by noble metals (Pd, Pt, Au) layers","volume":"50","author":"Penza","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2004.04.030","article-title":"Detection of SO2 and (HS)-S-2 in CO2 stream by means of WO3-based micro-hotplate sensors","volume":"102","author":"Stankova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2016.06.046","article-title":"Highly selective NH3 gas sensor based on Au loaded ZnO nanostructures prepared using microwave-assisted method","volume":"479","author":"Shingange","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.11.152","article-title":"Au Decorated ZnO hierarchical architectures: Facile synthesis, tunable morphology and enhanced CO detection at room temperature","volume":"243","author":"Arunkumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2013.05.033","article-title":"Study on Ni-doped ZnO films as gas sensors","volume":"280","author":"Rambu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physe.2008.07.019","article-title":"Formaldehyde sensor based on Ni-doped tetrapod-shaped ZnO nanopowder induced by external magnetic field","volume":"41","author":"Bai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. E"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"037552","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/ab67a8","article-title":"Review\u2014Deep Learning Methods for Sensor Based Predictive Maintenance and Future Perspectives for Electrochemical Sensors","volume":"167","author":"Namuduri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.03.047","article-title":"Multiclass classification of n-butanol concentrations with k-nearest neighbor algorithm and support vector machine in an electronic nose","volume":"166","author":"Guney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.5b00029","article-title":"Chemical Discrimination with an Unmodified Graphene Chemical Sensor","volume":"1","author":"Nallon","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.08.103","article-title":"Selective discrimination of hazardous gases using one single metal oxide resistive sensor","volume":"277","author":"Tonezzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itoh, T., Koyama, Y., Shin, W., Akamatsu, T., Tsuruta, A., Masuda, Y., and Uchiyama, K. (2020). Selective Detection of Target Volatile Organic Compounds in Contaminated Air Using Sensor Array with Machine Learning: Aging Notes and Mold Smells in Simulated Automobile Interior Contaminant Gases. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092687"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.128484","article-title":"Single resistive sensor for selective detection of multiple VOCs employing SnO2 hollowspheres and machine learning algorithm: A proof of concept","volume":"321","author":"Acharyya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2001.954833","article-title":"Multicomponent gas mixture analysis using a single tin oxide sensor and dynamic pattern recognition","volume":"1","author":"Llobet","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1524\/teme.1995.62.jg.229","article-title":"Pattern-Recognition and Multicomponent Analysis in Chemical Sensing","volume":"62","author":"Kraus","year":"1995","journal-title":"Technol. Mess."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7392","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b13946","article-title":"Highly Selective Gas Sensors Based on Graphene Nanoribbons Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition","volume":"12","author":"Shekhirev","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akamatsu, T.I.T., Tsuruta, A., Shin, W., Itoh, T., and Akamatsu, T. (2017). Selective Detection of Target Volatile Organic Compounds in Contaminated Humid Air Using a Sensor Array with Principal Component Analysis. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071662"},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"Faleh, R., Othman, M., Kachouri, A., Aguir, K., and Othman, M. (2014, January 17\u201319). Recognition of O3 concentration using WO3 gas sensor and principal component analysis. Proceedings of the 2014 1st International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Signal and Image Processing (ATSIP), Sousse, Tunisia."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.9b01244","article-title":"An Innovative Modular eNose System Based on a Unique Combination of Analog and Digital Metal Oxide Sensors","volume":"4","author":"Jaeschke","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.10.102","article-title":"Predictive gas sensor based on thermal fingerprints from Pt-SnO2 nanowires","volume":"281","author":"Tonezzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.02.096","article-title":"Selective gas sensor based on one single SnO2 nanowire","volume":"288","author":"Tonezzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.9b00825","article-title":"Chemiresistive Sensor Array and Machine Learning Classification of Food","volume":"4","author":"Schroeder","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17406","DOI":"10.3390\/s140917406","article-title":"Gas Sensors Based on Semiconducting Nanowire Field-Effect Transistors","volume":"14","author":"Feng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1021\/nl404335p","article-title":"Artificial Sensing Intelligence with Silicon Nanowires for Ultraselective Detection in the Gas Phase","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, S.Y., Li, B., Dong, Q., Li, Z., and Zaghloul, M.E. (2019, January 4\u20137). An Artificial Intelligent Flexible Gas Sensor Based on Ultra-Large Area MoSe2 Nanosheet. Proceedings of the IEEE 62nd International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), Dallas, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSCAS.2019.8885301"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b15785","article-title":"Machine-Learning Identification of the Sensing Descriptors Relevant in Molecular Interactions with Metal Nanoparticle-Decorated Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors","volume":"11","author":"Bian","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-020-0161-3","article-title":"An electronic nose using a single graphene FET and machine learning for water, methanol, and ethanol","volume":"6","author":"Hayasaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1021\/nl504482t","article-title":"Ultrasensitive Silicon Nanowire for Real-World Gas Sensing: Noninvasive Diagnosis of Cancer from Breath Volatolome","volume":"15","author":"Shehada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9983","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2927038","article-title":"A Machine-Learning Assisted Sensor for Chemo-Physical Dual Sensing Based on Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor Architecture","volume":"19","author":"Hsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2014.03.014","article-title":"Solid-state gas sensors for breath analysis: A review","volume":"824","author":"Paolesse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1021\/nn800109q","article-title":"Chemiresistive Sensing of Volatile Organic Compounds with Films of Surfactant-Stabilized Gold and Gold-Silver Alloy Nanoparticles","volume":"2","author":"Zamborini","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.8b00400","article-title":"Prospects and Challenges of Volatile Organic Compound Sensors in Human Healthcare","volume":"3","author":"Jalal","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2009.235","article-title":"Diagnosing lung cancer in exhaled breath using gold nanoparticles","volume":"4","author":"Peng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605810","article-title":"Detection of lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers from exhaled breath using a single array of nanosensors","volume":"103","author":"Peng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7023","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b03052","article-title":"Dynamic Nanoparticle-Based Flexible Sensors: Diagnosis of Ovarian Carcinoma from Exhaled Breath","volume":"15","author":"Kahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.8b00987","article-title":"Ionic Liquid-Carbon Nanotube Sensor Arrays for Human Breath Related Volatile Organic Compounds","volume":"3","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.12928\/telkomnika.v16i4.8281","article-title":"Asthma Identification Using Gas Sensors and Support Vector Machine","volume":"6","author":"Sujono","year":"2018","journal-title":"Telkomnika"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/8\/2877\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:50:03Z","timestamp":1760161803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/8\/2877"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"references-count":150,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s21082877"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21082877","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]}}}