{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:23:48Z","timestamp":1785421428602,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1652944"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1652944"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a water intake monitoring system for animal agriculture that tracks individual animal watering behavior, water quality, and water consumption. The system is deployed in an outdoor environment to reach remote areas. The proposed system integrates motion detectors, cameras, water level sensors, flow meters, Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) systems, and water temperature sensors. The data collection and control are performed using Arduino microcontrollers with custom-designed circuit boards. The data associated with each drinking event are water consumption, water temperature, drinking duration, animal identification, and pictures. The data and pictures are automatically stored on Secure Digital (SD) cards. The prototypes are deployed in a remote grazing site located in Tucumcari, New Mexico, USA. The system can be used to perform water consumption and watering behavior studies of both domestic animals and wild animals. The current system automatically records the drinking behavior of 29 cows in a two-week duration in the remote ranch.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21082885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T13:58:04Z","timestamp":1618927084000},"page":"2885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A Smart Sensing System of Water Quality and Intake Monitoring for Livestock and Wild Animals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1925-0782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Klipsch School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Mexico State University, 1125 Frenger Mall, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Biglari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klipsch School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Mexico State University, 1125 Frenger Mall, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Ebarb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klipsch School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Mexico State University, 1125 Frenger Mall, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tee","family":"Pickett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, 940 College Dr, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Smallidge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, 940 College Dr, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcy","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, 940 College Dr, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) (2016). 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