{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T17:03:15Z","timestamp":1761930195368,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MITACS Accelerate","award":["IT13453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT13453"]}]},{"name":"NSERC Create We-TRAC","award":["60-10020805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["60-10020805"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One possible modality to profile gait speed and stride length includes using wearable technologies. Wearable technology using global positioning system (GPS) receivers may not be a feasible means to measure gait speed. An alternative may include a local positioning system (LPS). Considering that LPS wearables are not good at determining gait events such as heel strikes, applying sensor fusion with an inertial measurement unit (IMU) may be beneficial. Speed and stride length determined from an ultrawide bandwidth LPS equipped with an IMU were compared to video motion capture (i.e., the \u201cgold standard\u201d) as the criterion standard. Ninety participants performed trials at three self-selected walk, run and sprint speeds. After processing location, speed and acceleration data from the measurement systems, speed between the last five meters and stride length in the last stride of the trial were analyzed. Small biases and strong positive intraclass correlations (0.9\u20131.0) between the LPS and \u201cthe gold standard\u201d were found. The significance of the study is that the LPS can be a valid method to determine speed and stride length. Variability of speed and stride length can be reduced when exploring data processing methods that can better extract speed and stride length measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21092896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T21:25:10Z","timestamp":1619040310000},"page":"2896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Measuring Gait Velocity and Stride Length with an Ultrawide Bandwidth Local Positioning System and an Inertial Measurement Unit"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4496-4533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pratham","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}]},{"given":"Zach","family":"Barrons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4486-2062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian A.","family":"Clermont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Wannop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}]},{"given":"Darren","family":"Stefanyshyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838100-00004","article-title":"The role of motion analysis in elite soccer","volume":"38","author":"Carling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097616","article-title":"Clinical implications from daily physiotherapy examination of 131 acute hamstring injuries and their association with running speed and rehabilitation progression","volume":"52","author":"Whiteley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0b013e3181a6187a","article-title":"Methods of running gait analysis","volume":"8","author":"Higginson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Methodological considerations when quantifying high-intensity efforts in team sport using global positioning system technology","volume":"12","author":"Varley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Physiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2013.805884","article-title":"Acceleration patterns in the lower and upper trunk during running","volume":"31","author":"Kawabata","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"57","article-title":"Location systems for ubiquitous computing","volume":"34","author":"Hightower","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comput. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siciliano, B., and Khatib, O. (2016). Inertial Sensors, GPS, and Odometry. Handbook of Robotics, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-32552-1"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foxlin, E.M., Harrington, M., and Altshuler, Y. (1998, January 13). Miniature six-DOF inertial system for tracking HMDs. Proceedings of the Aerospace\/Defense Sensing and Controls, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.317434"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2013.783627","article-title":"Stride frequency in relation to oxygen consumption in experienced and novice runners","volume":"14","author":"Verdijk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pino-Ortega, J., Arcos, A.L., Gantois, P., Clemente, F.M., Nakamura, F.Y., and Rico-Gonz\u00e1lez, M. (2021). The Influence of Antenna Height on the Measurement of Collective Variables Using an Ultra-Wide Band Based Local Positioning System in Team Sports. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072424"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2007.905750","article-title":"Survey of wireless indoor positioning techniques and systems","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part C Appl. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.6395","article-title":"Accuracy and adoption of wearable technology used by active citizens: A marathon event field study","volume":"5","author":"Pobiruchin","year":"2017","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"31","article-title":"Runners\u2019 Perspectives on \u2018Smart\u2019wearable technology and its use for preventing injury","volume":"36","author":"Clermont","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"328","article-title":"The validity and reliability of GPS units for measuring distance in team sport specific running patterns","volume":"5","author":"Jennings","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Sypniewski, J. (2000, January 16). The DSP algorithms for locally deployable RF tracking system. Proceedings of the International Conference on Signal Processing Applications and Technology, Dallas, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2018.1427796","article-title":"Accuracy, intra-and inter-unit reliability, and comparison between GPS and UWB-based position-tracking systems used for time\u2013motion analyses in soccer","volume":"18","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9778","DOI":"10.3390\/s111009778","article-title":"Local positioning systems in (game) sports","volume":"11","author":"Leser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"446","article-title":"Measuring acceleration and deceleration in soccer-specific movements using a local position measurement (LPM) system","volume":"9","author":"Stevens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benson, L.C., Clermont, C.A., Watari, R., Exley, T., and Ferber, R. (2019). Automated accelerometer-based gait event detection during multiple running conditions. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19071483"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giarr\u00e9, L., Pascucci, F., Morosi, S., and Martinelli, A. (2018, January 10). Improved PDR localization via UWB-anchor based on-line calibration. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 4th International Forum on Research and Technology for Society and Industry (RTSI), Palermo, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/RTSI.2018.8548377"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1109\/3468.477859","article-title":"Biological and cognitive foundations of intelligent sensor fusion","volume":"26","author":"Murphy","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part A Syst. Hum."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., He, J., Xu, L., and Wang, Q. (2016, January 27). The effect of multipath and NLOS on TOA ranging error and energy based on UWB. Proceedings of the International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Taiwan (ICCE-TW), Nantou County, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCE-TW.2016.7520939"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(02)00190-X","article-title":"Assessment of spatio-temporal gait parameters from trunk accelerations during human walking","volume":"18","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0539","article-title":"Peak match speed and maximal sprinting speed in young soccer players: Effect of age and playing position","volume":"10","author":"Simpson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Tuttle, W.M. (2018). Relationship of Maximal Strength and Relative Stride Length in Sprinters. [Ph.D. Thesis, Indiana State University]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8","article-title":"Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement","volume":"327","author":"Bland","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2017.1411867","article-title":"Validity of an ultra-wideband local positioning system to measure locomotion in indoor sports","volume":"36","author":"Serpiello","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00115","article-title":"Validity of the Catapult ClearSky T6 local positioning system for team sports specific drills, in indoor conditions","volume":"9","author":"Luteberget","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Z., Jiang, G., and Huang, C. (2011). A Survey on Indoor Positioning Technologies. Theoretical and Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-24999-0_28"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"156","article-title":"The validity and reliability of a 5-hz GPS device for quantifying athletes\u2019 sprints and movement demands specific to team sports","volume":"12","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hum. Sport Exer."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2012.713980","article-title":"Using physiological data to predict future career progression in 14- to 17-year-old Austrian soccer academy players","volume":"30","author":"Gonaus","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2006.04.011","article-title":"Increasing the number of gait trial recordings maximises intra-rater reliability of the CODA motion analysis system","volume":"25","author":"Monaghan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2007.895518","article-title":"An analog approach to suppressing in-band narrow-band interference in UWB receivers","volume":"54","author":"Fischer","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Reg. Pap."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2020.96850","article-title":"Validity of an ultra-wideband local positioning system to assess specific movements in handball","volume":"37","author":"Fleureau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frencken, W.G., Lemmink, K.A., and Delleman, N.J. (2010). Soccer-specific accuracy and validity of the local position measurement (LPM) system. J. Sci. Med. Sport, 13.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2010.04.003"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/9\/2896\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:50:34Z","timestamp":1760161834000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/9\/2896"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s21092896"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21092896","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]}}}