{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T03:38:48Z","timestamp":1778816328603,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Key Research and Development Program of Guangxi","award":["GK-AB20159032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GK-AB20159032"]}]},{"name":"the Fund of National Engineering and Research Center for Mountainous Highways","award":["GSGZJ-2020-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GSGZJ-2020-08"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Bureau of Xi\u2019an project","award":["2020KJRC0130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020KJRC0130"]}]},{"name":"the Open Fund of the Inner Mongolia Transportation Development Research Center","award":["2019KFJJ-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019KFJJ-006"]}]},{"name":"the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi","award":["2020ZDLGY09-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020ZDLGY09-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pavement crack detection is essential for safe driving. The traditional manual crack detection method is highly subjective and time-consuming. Hence, an automatic pavement crack detection system is needed to facilitate this progress. However, this is still a challenging task due to the complex topology and large noise interference of crack images. Recently, although deep learning-based technologies have achieved breakthrough progress in crack detection, there are still some challenges, such as large parameters and low detection efficiency. Besides, most deep learning-based crack detection algorithms find it difficult to establish good balance between detection accuracy and detection speed. Inspired by the latest deep learning technology in the field of image processing, this paper proposes a novel crack detection algorithm based on the deep feature aggregation network with the spatial-channel squeeze &amp; excitation (scSE) attention mechanism module, which calls CrackDFANet. Firstly, we cut the collected crack images into 512 \u00d7 512 pixel image blocks to establish a crack dataset. Then through iterative optimization on the training and validation sets, we obtained a crack detection model with good robustness. Finally, the CrackDFANet model verified on a total of 3516 images in five datasets with different sizes and containing different noise interferences. Experimental results show that the trained CrackDFANet has strong anti-interference ability, and has better robustness and generalization ability under the interference of light interference, parking line, water stains, plant disturbance, oil stains, and shadow conditions. Furthermore, the CrackDFANet is found to be better than other state-of-the-art algorithms with more accurate detection effect and faster detection speed. Meanwhile, our algorithm model parameters and error rates are significantly reduced.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21092902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T21:25:10Z","timestamp":1619040310000},"page":"2902","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Automatic Pixel-Level Pavement Crack Recognition Using a Deep Feature Aggregation Segmentation Network with a scSE Attention Mechanism Module"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Wenting","family":"Qiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Highway, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Transport Construction Engineering Quality Supervision Bureau, Hohhot 010020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiangwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Control Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoguang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Highway, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6273-3061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Control Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1296-2376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Control Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3434","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2016.2552248","article-title":"Automatic road crack detection using random structured forests","volume":"17","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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