{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T11:55:23Z","timestamp":1768823723009,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research focuses on the study of the ruins of a large building known as \u201cEl Torre\u00f3n\u201d (the Tower), belonging to the Ulaca oppidum (Solosancho, Province of \u00c1vila, Spain). Different remote sensing and geophysical approaches have been used to fulfil this objective, providing a better understanding of the building\u2019s functionality in this town, which belongs to the Late Iron Age (ca. 300\u201350 BCE). In this sense, the outer limits of the ruins have been identified using photogrammetry and convergent drone flights. An additional drone flight was conducted in the surrounding area to find additional data that could be used for more global interpretations. Magnetometry was used to analyze the underground bedrock structure and ground penetrating radar (GPR) was employed to evaluate the internal layout of the ruins. The combination of these digital methodologies (surface and underground) has provided a new perspective for the improved interpretation of \u201cEl Torre\u00f3n\u201d and its characteristics. Research of this type presents additional guidelines for better understanding of the role of this structure with regards to other buildings in the Ulaca oppidum. The results of these studies will additionally allow archaeologists to better plan future interventions while presenting new data that can be used for the interpretation of this archaeological complex on a larger scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21092934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T21:25:56Z","timestamp":1619126756000},"page":"2934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Towards a Combined Use of Geophysics and Remote Sensing Techniques for the Characterization of a Singular Building: \u201cEl Torre\u00f3n\u201d (the Tower) at Ulaca Oppidum (Solosancho, \u00c1vila, Spain)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5721-346X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Mat\u00e9-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Topographic and Cartography Engineering, Higher Technical School of Engineers in Topography, Geodesy and Cartography, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Mercator 2, 28031 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Cartographic and Land Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School of \u00c1vila, University of Salamanca, Hornos Caleros 50, 05003 \u00c1vila, Spain"},{"name":"Gran Duque de Alba Institution, Diputaci\u00f3n Provincial de \u00c1vila, Paseo Dos de Mayo, 8, 05001 \u00c1vila, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5333-0076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"S\u00e1ez Bl\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic and Land Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School of \u00c1vila, University of Salamanca, Hornos Caleros 50, 05003 \u00c1vila, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Natural Resources &amp; Environmental Engineering, University of Vigo, Maxwell s\/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Carrasco Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic and Land Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School of \u00c1vila, University of Salamanca, Hornos Caleros 50, 05003 \u00c1vila, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1243-3642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prehistory, Ancient History and Archaeology, Complutense University of Madrid, Prof. Aranguren s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6216-181X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic and Land Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School of \u00c1vila, University of Salamanca, Hornos Caleros 50, 05003 \u00c1vila, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Vall\u00e9s Iriso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prehistory, Ancient History and Archaeology, Complutense University of Madrid, Prof. Aranguren s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Asistencia a la Investigaci\u00f3n (C.A.I.) de Arqueometr\u00eda y An\u00e1lisis Arqueol\u00f3gico, Complutense University of Madrid, Prof. Aranguren s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1206-6536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolanda","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Topographic and Cartography Engineering, Higher Technical School of Engineers in Topography, Geodesy and Cartography, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Mercator 2, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Libertad","family":"Troiti\u00f1o Torralba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gran Duque de Alba Institution, Diputaci\u00f3n Provincial de \u00c1vila, Paseo Dos de Mayo, 8, 05001 \u00c1vila, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Human Geography, Complutense University of Madrid, Prof. Aranguren s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4810-2001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lloyd A.","family":"Courtenay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic and Land Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School of \u00c1vila, University of Salamanca, Hornos Caleros 50, 05003 \u00c1vila, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8949-4216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Aguilera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic and Land Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School of \u00c1vila, University of Salamanca, Hornos Caleros 50, 05003 \u00c1vila, Spain"},{"name":"Gran Duque de Alba Institution, Diputaci\u00f3n Provincial de \u00c1vila, Paseo Dos de Mayo, 8, 05001 \u00c1vila, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2396-7815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seraf\u00edn","family":"L\u00f3pez-Cuervo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Topographic and Cartography Engineering, Higher Technical School of Engineers in Topography, Geodesy and Cartography, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Mercator 2, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6430-990X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juli\u00e1n","family":"Aguirre de Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Topographic and Cartography Engineering, Higher Technical School of Engineers in Topography, Geodesy and Cartography, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Mercator 2, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Velasco G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Topographic and Cartography Engineering, Higher Technical School of Engineers in Topography, Geodesy and Cartography, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Mercator 2, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8000-2388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Piras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6875-2696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea di","family":"Filippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4323-3379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Yravedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prehistory, Ancient History and Archaeology, Complutense University of Madrid, Prof. Aranguren s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Asistencia a la Investigaci\u00f3n (C.A.I.) de Arqueometr\u00eda y An\u00e1lisis Arqueol\u00f3gico, Complutense University of Madrid, Prof. Aranguren s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9039-0115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximiliano","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gran Duque de Alba Institution, Diputaci\u00f3n Provincial de \u00c1vila, Paseo Dos de Mayo, 8, 05001 \u00c1vila, Spain"},{"name":"Department Sciences of Communication and Sociology, Faculty of Communication Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Camino del Molino s\/n, Fuenlabrada, 28943 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Chapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prehistory, Ancient History and Archaeology, Complutense University of Madrid, Prof. Aranguren s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Ruiz Zapatero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prehistory, Ancient History and Archaeology, Complutense University of Madrid, Prof. Aranguren s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7541-1080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas R.","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Sanch\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gran Duque de Alba Institution, Diputaci\u00f3n Provincial de \u00c1vila, Paseo Dos de Mayo, 8, 05001 \u00c1vila, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Prehistory, Ancient History and Archaeology, Complutense University of Madrid, Prof. Aranguren s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixid\u00f3, M.T., and Pe\u00f1a, J.A. 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