{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T07:28:03Z","timestamp":1782804483484,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA17040301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA17040301"]}]},{"name":"Project of Beijing Municipal Science and Technology","award":["Z181100001018036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z181100001018036"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperspectral LiDAR (HSL) is a new remote sensing detection method with high spatial and spectral information detection ability. In the process of laser scanning, the laser echo intensity is affected by many factors. Therefore, it is necessary to calibrate the backscatter intensity data of HSL. Laser incidence angle is one of the important factors that affect the backscatter intensity of the target. This paper studied the radiometric calibration method of incidence angle effect for HSL. The reflectance of natural surfaces can be simulated as a combination of specular reflection and diffuse reflection. The linear combination of the Lambertian model and Beckmann model provides a comprehensive theory that can be applied to various surface conditions, from glossy to rough surfaces. Therefore, an adaptive threshold radiometric calibration method (Lambertian\u2013Beckmann model) is proposed to solve the problem caused by the incident angle effect. The relationship between backscatter intensity and incident angle of HSL is studied by combining theory with experiments, and the model successfully quantifies the difference between diffuse and specular reflectance coefficients. Compared with the Lambertian model, the proposed model has higher calibration accuracy, and the average improvement rate to the samples in this study was 22.67%. Compared with the results before calibration with the incidence angle of less than 70\u00b0, the average improvement rate of the Lambertian\u2013Beckmann model was 62.26%. Moreover, we also found that the green leaves have an obvious specular reflection effect near 650\u2013720 nm, which might be related to the inner microstructure of chlorophyll. The Lambertian\u2013Beckmann model was more helpful to the calibration of leaves in the visible wavelength range. This is a meaningful and a breakthrough exploration for HSL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21092960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T02:12:57Z","timestamp":1619316777000},"page":"2960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Analysis and Radiometric Calibration for Backscatter Intensity of Hyperspectral LiDAR Caused by Incident Angle Effect"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4536-3430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenxin","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingli","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0148-3609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuwei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), FI-02430 Masala, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changhui","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), FI-02430 Masala, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peilun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), FI-02430 Masala, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haohao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100094, 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