{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:57:34Z","timestamp":1760234254319,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP17K01362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP17K01362"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Swinging a baseball bat at a pitched ball takes less than half of a second. A hitter uses his lower extremities to generate power, and coordination of the swing motion gradually transfers power through the trunk to the upper extremities during bat\u2013ball impact. The most important instant of the baseball swing is at the bat\u2013ball impact, after which the direction, speed, height, and distance of the hit ball determines whether runs can be scored. Thus, analyzing the biomechanical parameters at the bat\u2013ball impact is useful for evaluating player performance. Different motion-capture systems use different methods to identify bat\u2013ball impact. However, the level of accuracy to detect bat\u2013ball impact is not well documented. The study aim was to examine the required accuracy to detect bat\u2013ball impact timing. The results revealed that \u00b12 ms accuracy is required to report trunk and hand kinematics, especially for higher-order time-derivatives. Here, we propose a new method using a hand-worn inertial measurement unit to accurately detect bat\u2013ball impact timing. The results of this study will be beneficial for analyzing the kinematics of baseball hitting under real-game conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T22:31:39Z","timestamp":1619389899000},"page":"3002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Hand-Worn Inertial Measurement Unit for Detection of Bat\u2013Ball Impact during Baseball Hitting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7076-3554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niroshan G.","family":"Punchihewa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Informatics, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Arakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1205-8694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Etsuo","family":"Chosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9270-0212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Go","family":"Yamako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1995.22.5.193","article-title":"Hitting a baseball: A biomechanical description","volume":"22","author":"Welch","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. 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