{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T03:19:00Z","timestamp":1783567140466,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010418","name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IITP-2018-0-01396"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP-2018-0-01396"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010418","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless technologies that use radio frequency (RF) waveforms are common in wireless communication systems, such as the mobile communication, satellite system, and Internet of Things (IoT) systems. It is more advantageous than wired communication because of the ease of installation. However, it can negatively impact human health if high frequencies are used to transmit data. Therefore, researchers are exploring the potential of optical wireless communication as an alternative, which uses the visible light bandwidth instead of RF waveforms. Three possibilities are being investigated: visible light communication, light fidelity, and optical camera communication. In this paper, we propose a multiple-input multiple-output modulation scheme using a light-emitting diode (LED) array, which is applicable to the IoT system, based on on\u2013off keying modulation in the time domain. This scheme is compatible with the two popular types of camera in the market, rolling shutter cameras and global shutter cameras, as well as the closed-circuit television camera, which is used in factories, buildings, etc. Despite the small size of the LED array, implementing this scheme with 10 links in different positions at a communication distance of 20 m is possible for efficient performance (low error rate) by controlling the exposure time, shutter speed, focal length, channel coding and applying the matched filter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T06:19:11Z","timestamp":1619504351000},"page":"3023","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Design and Implementation of 2D MIMO-Based Optical Camera Communication Using a Light-Emitting Diode Array for Long-Range Monitoring System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8856-477X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huy","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6369-1054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanhoa","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conghoan","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Van","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9963-303X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeongmin","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3758","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2844296","article-title":"An overview of IoT and data analytics in agriculture: Benefits and challenges","volume":"5","author":"Elijah","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2780232","article-title":"Design of secure user authenticated key management protocol for generic IoT networks","volume":"5","author":"Wazid","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2018.152","article-title":"Possible effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure on central nerve system","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomol. 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