{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T04:37:41Z","timestamp":1778042261894,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003654","name":"Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020003030001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020003030001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003654","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Trade, Industry and","award":["20009121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20009121"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase reactive protein that appears in the bloodstream in response to inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 produced by adipocytes and macrophages during the acute phase of the inflammatory\/infectious process. CRP measurement is widely used as a representative acute and chronic inflammatory disease marker. With the development of diagnostic techniques measuring CRP more precisely than before, CRP is being used not only as a traditional biomarker but also as a biomarker for various diseases. The existing commercialized CRP assays are dominated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ELISA has high selectivity and sensitivity, but its limitations include requiring complex analytic processes, long analysis times, and professional manpower. To overcome these problems, nanobiotechnology is able to provide alternative diagnostic tools. By introducing the nanobio hybrid material to the CRP biosensors, CRP can be measured more quickly and accurately, and highly sensitive biosensors can be used as portable devices. In this review, we discuss the recent advancements in electrochemical, electricity, and spectroscopy-based CRP biosensors composed of biomaterial and nanomaterial hybrids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T06:19:11Z","timestamp":1619504351000},"page":"3024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Recent Advances in CRP Biosensor Based on Electrical, Electrochemical and Optical Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Seungwoo","family":"Noh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"}]},{"given":"Jinmyeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"}]},{"given":"Gahyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1148-7881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chulhwan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1420-7021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongje","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7028-4745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea"}]},{"given":"Taek","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2014.04.060","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease detection using bio-sensing techniques","volume":"128","author":"Altintas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2015.500","article-title":"Diagnostic markers of acute myocardial infarction","volume":"3","author":"Mythili","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. 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