{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T15:29:28Z","timestamp":1775230168354,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/1\/2019\/STG02\/UMP\/01\/1 (RDU1901112)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2019\/STG02\/UMP\/01\/1 (RDU1901112)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016995","name":"Collaborative Research in Engineering, Science and Technology Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CREST T14C2-16\/006 (UIC190810)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CREST T14C2-16\/006 (UIC190810)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016995","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010438","name":"UMP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RDU192815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RDU192815"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ganoderma boninense (G. boninense) infection reduces the productivity of oil palms and causes a serious threat to the palm oil industry. This catastrophic disease ultimately destroys the basal tissues of oil palm, causing the eventual death of the palm. Early detection of G. boninense is vital since there is no effective treatment to stop the continuing spread of the disease. This review describes past and future prospects of integrated research of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), machine learning classification for predictive analytics and signal processing towards an early G. boninense detection system. This effort could reduce the cost of plantation management and avoid production losses. Remarkably, (i) spectroscopy techniques are more reliable than other detection techniques such as serological, molecular, biomarker-based sensor and imaging techniques in reactions with organic tissues, (ii) the NIR spectrum is more precise and sensitive to particular diseases, including G. boninense, compared to visible light and (iii) hand-held NIRS for in situ measurement is used to explore the efficacy of an early detection system in real time using ML classifier algorithms and a predictive analytics model. The non-destructive, environmentally friendly (no chemicals involved), mobile and sensitive leads the NIRS with ML and predictive analytics as a significant platform towards early detection of G. boninense in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T21:18:20Z","timestamp":1619558300000},"page":"3052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Ganoderma boninense Disease Detection by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Classification: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4177-3582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mas Ira Syafila","family":"Mohd Hilmi Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang 26300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohd Faizal","family":"Jamlos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang 26300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7879-9102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Fairuz","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatimah","family":"Dzaharudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Kuliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak 53100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suramate","family":"Chalermwisutkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prayoot","family":"Akkaraekthalin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Department of Statistics Malaysia (2021, April 27). 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