{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T02:31:49Z","timestamp":1775874709794,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009881","name":"Regione Liguria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RLFO18ASSRIC\/73\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RLFO18ASSRIC\/73\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009881","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nucleic acid (NA) extraction is a basic step for genetic analysis, from scientific research to diagnostic and forensic applications. It aims at preparing samples for its application with biomolecular technologies such as isothermal and non-isothermal amplification, hybridization, electrophoresis, Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing. Multiple steps are involved in NA collection from raw samples, including cell separation from the rest of the specimen, cell lysis, NA isolation and release. Typically, this process needs molecular biology facilities, specialized instrumentation and labor-intensive operations. Microfluidic devices have been developed to analyze NA samples with high efficacy and sensitivity. In this context, the integration within the chip of the sample preparation phase is crucial to leverage the promise of portable, fast, user-friendly and economic point-of-care solutions. This review presents an overview of existing lab-on-a-chip (LOC) solutions designed to provide automated NA extraction from human raw biological fluids, such as whole blood, excreta (urine and feces), saliva. It mainly focuses on LOC implementation aspects, aiming to describe a detailed panorama of strategies implemented for different human raw sample preparations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T21:18:20Z","timestamp":1619558300000},"page":"3058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["An Overview on Microfluidic Systems for Nucleic Acids Extraction from Human Raw Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7737-3185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Obino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, 16149 Genova, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3063-4376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Vassalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, James Watt South Building, Glasgow G128LT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4135-840X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Franceschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostica Veterinaria La Lanterna S.n.c., 16149 Genova, Italy"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Alessandrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanoscience Institute, National Research Council, 41125 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Informatics and Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Facci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, 16149 Genova, Italy"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Viti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, 16149 Genova, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1021\/ac2030199","article-title":"Point of Care Diagnostics: Status and Future","volume":"84","author":"Gubala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayamohan, H., Romanov, V., Li, H., Son, J., Samuel, R., Nelson, J., and Gale, B. (2017). Advances in Microfluidics and Lab-on-a-Chip Technologies. Mol. Diagn., 197\u2013217.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802971-8.00011-0"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2014.10.013","article-title":"Lab-on-a-chip devices: How to close and plug the lab?","volume":"132","author":"Temiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3176\/eng.2011.2.03","article-title":"Microfabrication of biomedical lab-on-chip devices. A review","volume":"17","author":"Giannitsis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Estonian J. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, M.S., Aryasomayajula, A., and Selvaganapathy, P.R. (2017). A Review on Macroscale and Microscale Cell Lysis Methods. Micromachines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi8030083"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amer, H.E. (2019). Purification of Proteins: Between Meaning and Different Methods. Proteom. Technol. Appl., 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.86587"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Current Nucleic Acid Extraction Methods and Their Implications to Point-of-Care Diagnostics","volume":"2017","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011302","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4789751","article-title":"Chip in a lab: Microfluidics for next generation life science research","volume":"7","author":"Streets","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomicrofluidics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5669","DOI":"10.1021\/ac100649b","article-title":"Dual-Domain Microchip-Based Process for Volume Reduction Solid Phase Extraction of Nucleic Acids from Dilute, Large Volume Biological Samples","volume":"82","author":"Reedy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8453","DOI":"10.1021\/ac8011945","article-title":"Microchip-Based Solid-Phase Purification of RNA from Biological Samples","volume":"80","author":"Hagan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"DNA, RNA, and Protein Extraction: The Past and The Present","volume":"2009","author":"Tan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vashist, S.K. (2017). Point-of-Care Diagnostics: Recent Advances and Trends. Biosensors, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios7040062"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-008-9190-7","article-title":"Sample preparation: The weak link in microfluidics-based biodetection","volume":"10","author":"Mariella","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1039\/b905844c","article-title":"Microfluidic sample preparation: Cell lysis and nucleic acid purification","volume":"1","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Integr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8077","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-017-8493-0","article-title":"DNA extraction on bio-chip: History and preeminence over con-ventional and solid-phase extraction methods","volume":"101","author":"Ayoib","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13988","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201309580","article-title":"Microfluidic Isolation of Nucleic Acids","volume":"53","author":"Reinholt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1039\/D0LC00047G","article-title":"Towards practical sample preparation in point-of-care testing: User-friendly microfluidic devices","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/2211068215588456","article-title":"Lab-on-a-CD: A Fully Integrated Molecular Diagnostic System","volume":"21","author":"Kong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Lab. Autom."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Qiao, Y., and Tu, J. (2019). Microfluidic Technologies for cfDNA Isolation and Analysis. Micromachines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi10100672"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-071114-040538","article-title":"Microfluidic Sample Preparation for Medical Diagnostics","volume":"17","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruijns, B., Van Asten, A., Tiggelaar, R., and Gardeniers, H. (2016). Microfluidic Devices for Forensic DNA Analysis: A Review. Biosensors, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios6030041"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-015-2512-9","article-title":"Genomic DNA extraction from whole blood using a digital microfluidic (DMF) platform with magnetic beads","volume":"23","author":"Hung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1039\/b515876a","article-title":"Microchip-based one step DNA extraction and real-time PCR in one chamber for rapid pathogen identification","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2006.00054.x","article-title":"Microchip-Based Cell Lysis and DNA Extraction from Sperm Cells for Application to Forensic Analysis","volume":"51","author":"Bienvenue","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0516988","article-title":"A Simple, Valveless Microfluidic Sample Preparation Device for Extraction and Amplification of DNA from Nanoliter-Volume Samples","volume":"78","author":"Legendre","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1039\/C5LC00891C","article-title":"Self-powered switch-controlled nucleic acid extraction system","volume":"16","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s13206-016-1205-5","article-title":"Automated nucleic acids purification from fecal samples on a microfluidic cartridge","volume":"11","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioChip J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32144","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA03399C","article-title":"Automated nucleic acid extraction from whole blood, B. subtilis, E. coli, and Rift Valley fever virus on a centrifugal microfluidic LabDisk","volume":"5","author":"Strohmeier","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3719","DOI":"10.1039\/C4LC00686K","article-title":"A filter paper-based microdevice for low-cost, rapid, and automated DNA extraction and amplification from diverse sample types","volume":"14","author":"Gan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9160","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ra47980c","article-title":"An on-chip RT-PCR microfluidic device, that integrates mRNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and gene amplification","volume":"4","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Cui, D., Cai, H., Li, H., Sun, J., and Zhang, L. (2012). MEMS-Based Microdevice for Cell Lysis and DNA Extraction. Microelectromechanical Syst. Devices.","DOI":"10.5772\/30331"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9640","DOI":"10.1021\/ac302622v","article-title":"Integrated Printed Circuit Board Device for Cell Lysis and Nucleic Acid Extraction","volume":"84","author":"Marshall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3336","DOI":"10.1021\/ac103129e","article-title":"Integrated Glass Microdevice for Nucleic Acid Purification, Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification, and Online Detection","volume":"83","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10404-011-0782-9","article-title":"A magnetic bead-based DNA extraction and purification microfluidic device","volume":"11","author":"Azimi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microfluid. Nanofluidics"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s10404-008-0337-x","article-title":"Extraction of genomic DNA and detection of single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping utilizing an integrated magnetic bead-based microfluidic platform","volume":"6","author":"Lien","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microfluid. Nanofluidics"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1039\/C9LC00276F","article-title":"Extraction of nucleic acids from blood: Unveiling the potential of active pneumatic pumping in centrifugal microfluidics for integration and automation of sample preparation processes","volume":"19","author":"Brassard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1039\/b804624g","article-title":"Quantitative and qualitative analysis of a microfluidic DNA extraction system using a nanoporous AlOx membrane","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6135","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0703698","article-title":"Microfluidic-Based DNA Purification in a Two-Stage, Dual-Phase Microchip Containing a Reversed-Phase and a Photopolymerized Monolith","volume":"79","author":"Wen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2007.05.033","article-title":"DNA purification silicon chip","volume":"139","author":"Ji","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3386","DOI":"10.1039\/D0LC00277A","article-title":"SNAPflex: A paper-and-plastic device for instrument-free RNA and DNA extraction from whole blood","volume":"20","author":"Kolluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1039\/b616115d","article-title":"One-step pathogen specific DNA extraction from whole blood on a centrifugal microfluidic device","volume":"7","author":"Cho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2006.11.057","article-title":"Continuous flow microfluidic device for cell separation, cell lysis and DNA purification","volume":"584","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5704","DOI":"10.1021\/ac060390t","article-title":"Microchip-Based Macroporous Silica Sol\u2212Gel Monolith for Efficient Isolation of DNA from Clinical Samples","volume":"78","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19272","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604663103","article-title":"A fully integrated microfluidic genetic analysis system with sample-in-answer-out capability","volume":"103","author":"Easley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7222","DOI":"10.1021\/ac060391l","article-title":"Chitosan as a Polymer for pH-Induced DNA Capture in a Totally Aqueous System","volume":"78","author":"Cao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3568","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b04882","article-title":"Chitosan-Modified Filter Paper for Nucleic Acid Extraction and \u201cin SituPCR\u201d on a Thermoplastic Microchip","volume":"89","author":"Gan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2005.07.002","article-title":"Rare cancer cell analyzer for whole blood applications: Automated nucleic acid purification in a microfluidic disposable card","volume":"37","author":"Kokoris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1039\/c005145d","article-title":"High-speed RNA microextraction technology using magnetic oligo-dT beads and lateral magnetophoresis","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.00374","article-title":"Parallel DNA Extraction from Whole Blood for Rapid Sample Generation in Genetic Epidemiological Studies","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7032","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AN01067J","article-title":"A fast nucleic acid extraction system for point-of-care and integration of digital PCR","volume":"144","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4162","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AN00493A","article-title":"Rapid isolation of cfDNA from large-volume whole blood on a centrifugal microfluidic chip based on immiscible phase filtration","volume":"144","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1039\/C3LC51035B","article-title":"Solid phase nucleic acid extraction technique in a microfluidic chip using a novel non-chaotropic agent: Dimethyl adipimidate","volume":"14","author":"Shin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.09.001","article-title":"Sample-to-answer on molecular diagnosis of bacterial infection using integrated lab-on-a-disc","volume":"93","author":"Loo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2738","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.9b01270","article-title":"Sample-to-Answer Hepatitis B Virus DNA Detection from Whole Blood on a Centrifugal Microfluidic Platform with Double Rotation Axes","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-017-2225-0","article-title":"Paper-based device with on-chip reagent storage for rapid extraction of DNA from biological samples","volume":"184","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035035","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/aaf3be","article-title":"A handheld lateral flow strip for rapid DNA extraction from staphylococcus aureus cell spiked in various samples","volume":"5","author":"Seok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3856","DOI":"10.1021\/ac404085p","article-title":"World-to-Digital-Microfluidic Interface Enabling Extraction and Purification of RNA from Human Whole Blood","volume":"86","author":"Jebrail","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7502","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b01193","article-title":"Use of Dimethyl Pimelimidate with Microfluidic System for Nucleic Acids Extraction without Electricity","volume":"89","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-019-0107-0","article-title":"Precision cell-free DNA extraction for liquid biopsy by integrated microfluidics","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.27290","article-title":"An integrated biosensor platform for extraction and detection of nucleic acids","volume":"117","author":"Sciuto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034102","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5088552","article-title":"A point of care platform based on microfluidic chip for nucleic acid extraction in less than 1 minute","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomicrofluidics"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233-020-8028-x","article-title":"Direct Solvent-Free Modification of the Inner Wall of the Microchip for Rapid DNA Extraction with Enhanced Capturing Efficiency","volume":"28","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Macromol. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7019","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-018-1335-9","article-title":"A sample-in-digital-answer-out system for rapid detection and quantitation of infectious pathogens in bodily fluids","volume":"410","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3749","DOI":"10.1039\/C5LC00591D","article-title":"Rapid and fully automated bacterial pathogen detection on a centrifugal-microfluidic LabDisk using highly sensitive nested PCR with integrated sample preparation","volume":"15","author":"Czilwik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1039\/C0LC00346H","article-title":"Development of a real-world direct interface for integrated DNA extraction and amplification in a microfluidic device","volume":"11","author":"Shaw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-010-9423-4","article-title":"An integrated, self-contained microfluidic cassette for isolation, amplification, and detection of nucleic acids","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4502","DOI":"10.1021\/ac900453d","article-title":"Microfluidic System for Detection of \u03b1-Thalassemia-1 Deletion Using Saliva Samples","volume":"81","author":"Lien","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7912","DOI":"10.1021\/ac3016533","article-title":"Solid Phase DNA Extraction with a Flexible Bead-Packed Microfluidic Device to Detect Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Nasal Swabs","volume":"84","author":"Hwang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, Q., Mahalanabis, M., Chang, J., Carey, B., Hsieh, C., Stanley, A., Odell, C.A., Mitchell, P., Feldman, J., and Pollock, N.R. (2012). Microfluidic Chip for Molecular Amplification of Influenza a RNA in Human Respiratory Specimens. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033176"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1021\/am2004009","article-title":"Development of a Low-Resource RNA Extraction Cassette Based on Surface Tension Valves","volume":"3","author":"Bordelon","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-011-9552-4","article-title":"On-chip analysis of respiratory viruses from nasopharyngeal samples","volume":"13","author":"Himmelreich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1039\/C3LC51339D","article-title":"Integrated DNA and RNA extraction and purification on an automated microfluidic cassette from bacterial and viral pathogens causing community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections","volume":"14","author":"Spang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1039\/C6LC00228E","article-title":"Sample introduction interface for on-chip nucleic acid-based analysis of Helicobacter pylori from stool samples","volume":"16","author":"Mosley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, S., Do, J., Mahalanabis, M., Fan, A., Zhao, L., Jepeal, L., Singh, S.K., Klapperich, C.M., and Phil, J. (2013). Low Cost Extraction and Isothermal Amplification of DNA for Infectious Diarrhea Diagnosis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060059"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-008-9277-1","article-title":"Sample preparation module for bacterial lysis and isolation of DNA from human urine","volume":"11","author":"Kulinski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2009.02.010","article-title":"An integrated microfluidic device for DNA purification and PCR amplification of STR fragments","volume":"4","author":"Bienvenue","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"080901","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3607430","article-title":"Microfluidic sensing: State of the art fabrication and detection techniques","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"368","article-title":"The origins and the future of microfluidics","volume":"442","author":"Whitesides","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1260\/175095407780130544","article-title":"A review of passive and active mixing systems in microfluidic devices","volume":"1","author":"Green","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Multiphysics"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1021\/ar300314s","article-title":"Materials for Microfluidic Chip Fabrication","volume":"46","author":"Ren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accounts Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, S.-H., Escobedo, C., and Brolo, A.G. (2018). Miniature Fluidic Devices for Rapid Biological Detection, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-64747-0"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1039\/C6LC00387G","article-title":"A review of digital microfluidics as portable platforms for lab-on a-chip applications","volume":"16","author":"Samiei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3196","article-title":"Microfluidic origami","volume":"10","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, Y., Mason, M.G., Wang, Y., Wee, E., Turni, C., Blackall, P.J., Trau, M., and Botella, J.R. (2017). Nucleic acid purification from plants, animals and microbes in under 30 seconds. PLoS Biol., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2003916"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7595","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b00411","article-title":"\u201cPaper Machine\u201d for Molecular Diagnostics","volume":"87","author":"Connelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.1039\/C4LC01490A","article-title":"Active pneumatic control of centrifugal microfluidic flows for lab-on-a-chip applications","volume":"15","author":"Clime","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00476","article-title":"A modular method for the extraction of DNA and RNA, and the separation of DNA pools from diverse environmental sample types","volume":"6","author":"Lever","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basha, I.H.K., Ho, E.T.W., Yousuff, C.M., and Bin Hamid, N.H. (2017). Towards Multiplex Molecular Diagnosis\u2014A Review of Microfluidic Genomics Technologies. Micromachines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi8090266"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mauk, M.G., Song, J., Liu, C., and Bau, H.H. (2018). Simple Approaches to Minimally-Instrumented, Microfluidic-Based Point-of-CareNucleic Acid Amplification Tests. Biosensors, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios8010017"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10463","DOI":"10.1021\/ac402459h","article-title":"Membrane-Based, Sedimentation-Assisted Plasma Separator for Point-of-Care Applications","volume":"85","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1039\/C5LC01235J","article-title":"HHS Public Access","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C.-H., Hsieh, Y.-L., Tsou, P.-H., and Li, B.-R. (2019). Thermopneumatic suction integrated microfluidic blood analysis system. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208676"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.83","article-title":"The single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate\u2013phenol\u2013chloroform extraction: Twenty-something years on","volume":"1","author":"Chomczynski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Watson, J.D., Baker, T.A., Gann, A., Levine, M., and Losik, R. (2014). Molecular Biology of the Gene, Pearson\/CSH Press. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1097\/01.gim.0000241904.32039.6f","article-title":"Quantity versus quality: Optimal methods for cell-free DNA isolation from plasma of pregnant women","volume":"8","author":"Jorgez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genet. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1039\/b907652m","article-title":"Nucleic acid extraction techniques and application to the microchip","volume":"9","author":"Price","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1039\/c0an00288g","article-title":"A PCR reactor with an integrated alumina membrane for nucleic acid isolation","volume":"135","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2004.035162","article-title":"Extraction and Amplification of Genomic DNA from Human Blood on Nanoporous Aluminum Oxide Membranes","volume":"50","author":"Elgort","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Gasso, S., and Martinez, M.L. (2015). Magnetic Bead Coatings: Today and Tomorrow, Sepmag Systems."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.06.024","article-title":"Magnetic particles for in vitro molecular diagnosis: From sample preparation to integration into microsystems","volume":"158","author":"Tangchaikeeree","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2013.1566","article-title":"Magnetic Nanoparticles-Based Extraction and Verification of Nucleic Acids from Different Sources","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-013-6761-0","article-title":"Applications of monolithic solid-phase extraction in chromatography-based clinical chemistry assays","volume":"405","author":"Bunch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6230","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0709201","article-title":"Microfluidic Purification and Preconcentration of mRNA by Flow-Through Polymeric Monolith","volume":"79","author":"Satterfield","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1039\/c1lc20317g","article-title":"A microfluidic system for fast detection of mitochondrial DNA deletion","volume":"11","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.01.159","article-title":"Microfluidic extraction and digital quantification of circulating cell-free DNA from serum","volume":"286","author":"Pereiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800614","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201800614","article-title":"Simple and Low-Cost Sampling of Cell-Free Nucleic Acids from Blood Plasma for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Circulating Tumor DNA","volume":"5","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3459","DOI":"10.1039\/C8LC00716K","article-title":"Microfluidic-based solid phase extraction of cell free DNA","volume":"18","author":"Campos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"Clerc, S. (2020, January 10). Has COVID-19 Reshaped the Microfluidics Industry?. Proceedings of the Lab-on-a-Chip and Microfluidics Europe 2020, Rotterdam, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00926-20","article-title":"Multicenter Evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2 Test","volume":"58","author":"Loeffelholz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2020.06.015","article-title":"Fighting COVID-19: Integrated Micro- and Nanosystems for Viral Infection Diagnostics","volume":"3","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104614","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 sample-to-answer nucleic acid testing in a tertiary care emergency department: Evaluation and utility","volume":"131","author":"Okela","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"Abbott Diagnostics Scarborough, Inc. (2021, April 11). ID Now Covid-19, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/136525\/download."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01072-20","article-title":"Comparison of the Accula SARS-CoV-2 Test with a Laboratory-Developed Assay for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Clinical Nasopharyngeal Specimens","volume":"58","author":"Hogan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"Mesa Biotech, Inc. (2021, April 11). Accula\u2122. SARS-CoV-2 Instructions for Use. Available online: https:\/\/www.mesabiotech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/LBL-60061-SARS-CoV-2-IFU_2021_01.pdf."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115260","article-title":"Evaluation of the BioFire\u00ae COVID-19 test and Respiratory Panel 2.1 for rapid identification of SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal swab samples","volume":"99","author":"Eckbo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"(2021, April 11). Combating the Coronavirus Pandemic: Bosch Develops Rapid Test for COVID-19. Available online: https:\/\/www.bosch.com\/stories\/vivalytic-rapid-test-for-covid-19\/."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"(2021, April 11). Genomic DNA from Tissue User Manual NucleoSpin\u00ae Tissue. Available online: https:\/\/www.mn-net.com\/media\/pdf\/5b\/d0\/d9\/Instruction-NucleoSpin-Tissue.pdf."},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"(2021, April 11). QIAamp\u00ae DNA Mini and Blood Mini Handbook. Available online: https:\/\/www.qiagen.com\/ch\/resources\/download.aspx?id=62a200d6-faf4-469b-b50f-2b59cf738962&lang=en."},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"(2021, April 11). Data Sheet-Tissue Genomic DNA Extraction Kit. Available online: https:\/\/lifescience.canvaxbiotech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/10\/Tissue-Genomic-DNA-Extraction-Kit.pdf."},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"(2021, April 11). Product Information-GenElute\u2122 Stool DNA Isolation Kit. Available online: https:\/\/www.sigmaaldrich.com\/content\/dam\/sigma-aldrich\/docs\/Sigma\/Bulletin\/2\/dnb200bul.pdf."},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"(2021, April 11). Technical Bulletin-MagaZorb\u00ae DNA Mini-Prep Kit. Available online: https:\/\/www.promega.com\/-\/media\/files\/resources\/protocols\/technical-bulletins\/101\/magazorb-dna-mini-prep-kit-protocol.pdf?la=en."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/9\/3058\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:53:34Z","timestamp":1760162014000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/9\/3058"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s21093058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21093058","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]}}}