{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T18:32:44Z","timestamp":1773513164378,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62073092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62073092"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The seam tracking operation is essential for extracting welding seam characteristics which can instruct the motion of a welding robot along the welding seam path. The chief tasks for seam tracking would be divided into three partitions. First, starting and ending points detection, then, weld edge detection, followed by joint width measurement, and, lastly, welding path position determination with respect to welding robot co-ordinate frame. A novel seam tracking technique with a four-step method is introduced. A laser sensor is used to scan grooves to obtain profile data, and the data are processed by a filtering algorithm to smooth the noise. The second derivative algorithm is proposed to initially position the feature points, and then linear fitting is performed to achieve precise positioning. The groove data are transformed into the robot\u2019s welding path through sensor pose calibration, which could realize real-time seam tracking. Experimental demonstration was carried out to verify the tracking effect of both straight and curved welding seams. Results show that the average deviations in the X direction are about 0.628 mm and 0.736 mm during the initial positioning of feature points. After precise positioning, the average deviations are reduced to 0.387 mm and 0.429 mm. These promising results show that the tracking errors are decreased by up to 38.38% and 41.71%, respectively. Moreover, the average deviations in both X and Z direction of both straight and curved welding seams are no more than 0.5 mm, after precise positioning. Therefore, the proposed seam tracking method with four steps is feasible and effective, and provides a reference for future seam tracking research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T22:29:07Z","timestamp":1619648947000},"page":"3067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["A Novel Seam Tracking Technique with a Four-Step Method and Experimental Investigation of Robotic Welding Oriented to Complex Welding Seam"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3651-3639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 511458, China"},{"name":"School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 511458, China"},{"name":"School of Construction Machinery, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}]},{"given":"Shuaihua","family":"Tuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 511458, China"},{"name":"School of Construction Machinery, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}]},{"given":"Zhicheng","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 511458, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6725-182X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenlin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 511458, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4736-1554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 511458, China"}]},{"given":"Yueyu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 511458, China"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 511458, China"}]},{"given":"Kyoosik","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Robot Engineering, ERICA Campus, Hanyang University, Seoul 426-791, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2018.08.003","article-title":"Advances in weld seam tracking techniques for robotic welding: A review","volume":"56","author":"Deepak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Robot. 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