{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T14:51:11Z","timestamp":1769007071735,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["11732015 and 11972315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11732015 and 11972315"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spectral analysis of blood flow or blood volume oscillations can help to understand the regulatory mechanisms of microcirculation. This study aimed to explore the relationship between muscle hemodynamic response in the recovery period and exercise quantity. Fifteen healthy subjects were required to perform two sessions of submaximal plantarflexion exercise. The blood volume fluctuations in the gastrocnemius lateralis were recorded in three rest phases (before and after two exercise sessions) using near-infrared spectroscopy. Wavelet transform was used to analyze the total wavelet energy of the concerned frequency range (0.005\u20132 Hz), which were further divided into six frequency intervals corresponding to six vascular regulators. Wavelet amplitude and energy of each frequency interval were analyzed. Results showed that the total energy raised after each exercise session with a significant difference between rest phases 1 and 3. The wavelet amplitudes showed significant increases in frequency intervals I, III, IV, and V from phase 1 to 3 and in intervals III and IV from phase 2 to 3. The wavelet energy showed similar changes with the wavelet amplitude. The results demonstrate that local microvascular regulators contribute greatly to the blood volume oscillations, the activity levels of which are related to the exercise quantity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T22:29:07Z","timestamp":1619648947000},"page":"3072","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Spectral Analysis of Muscle Hemodynamic Responses in Post-Exercise Recovery Based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1789-0778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qitao","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, China"}]},{"given":"Zengyong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Neuro-functional Information and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing 100176, China"}]},{"given":"Daifa","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8692-2206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wing-Kai","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang 110102, China"},{"name":"Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Limited, Beijing 101111, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8805-1157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duo Wai-Chi","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"}]},{"given":"Yinghu","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"}]},{"given":"Guoxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6027-4594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001475","article-title":"Impact of blood flow restriction exercise on muscle fatigue development and recovery","volume":"50","author":"Husmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. 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