{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T02:56:51Z","timestamp":1774407411755,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020R1C1C1008925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1C1C1008925"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2021R1C1C2008932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1C1C2008932"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dynamic resistance, which can be used to express strength in the unit of stress and improve the reliability of the dynamic cone penetration test (DCPT), has been estimated by numerous methods. This study aims to compare different dynamic resistance estimation methods by using an instrumented dynamic cone penetrometer (IDCP). DCPTs are conducted using a standard dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) and IDCP in the laboratory and field. Dynamic responses are obtained from the strain gauges and an accelerometer installed at the cone tip of the IDCP. The test results show that dynamic resistance is more efficient in distinguishing profiles than the dynamic cone penetration index. Among the methods to estimate the dynamic resistance at the cone tip, the force-velocity integration method and force integration method are more related to the conventional dynamic resistance considering the potential energy of the hammer than the force squared integration method. Additionally, the dynamic resistance estimated for a longer time period is more reliable, particularly for small driving rod lengths. Regarding the limitation of the dynamic response from an accelerometer in a previous study, the force-based dynamic resistance estimated for a longer time period can be used as the most reliable approach for further soil strength characterization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T22:29:07Z","timestamp":1619648947000},"page":"3085","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Comparative Study on Estimation Methods of Dynamic Resistance Using Dynamic Cone Penetrometer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2964-2598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Yeob","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5991-155X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Sub","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong-Ju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong-Hoon","family":"Byun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural Civil &amp; Bio-Industrial Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1680\/geng.2005.158.4.217","article-title":"Evaluating stiffness and strength of pavement materials","volume":"158","author":"Sawangsuriya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. 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