{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:58:38Z","timestamp":1760234318236,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For statistic space-time adaptive processing (STAP), a critical issue is estimating the clutter covariance matrix (CCM). However, sufficient training samples are difficult to obtain that satisfy the independent and identically distributed (IID) condition. It is because of the realistic heterogeneous environment faced by airborne radar. Moreover, one should eliminate contaminated training samples before CCM estimation. Aiming at the problems of the computational complexity and susceptibility to the outlier of the traditional generalized inner product (GIP) method, a clutter subspace-based training sampling selecting method is proposed combined with specific distribution in the space-time plane of clutter spectrum. Theoretical analysis and simulation results verified the proposed method and indicate that the proposed method is easy to construct CCM and has lower computational complexity and sensitivity to outliers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T10:30:41Z","timestamp":1619692241000},"page":"3108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Clutter Subspace Characteristics-Aided Space-Time Adaptive Outlier Sample Selection Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Dongning","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Lab of Radar Signal Processing, School Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guisheng","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Lab of Radar Signal Processing, School Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1865-6214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingwei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Lab of Radar Signal Processing, School Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5626","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2901126","article-title":"Training Data Selection and Update Strategies for Airborne Post-Doppler STAP","volume":"57","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klemm, R. (2006). Principles of Space-Time Adaptive Processing, Institute of Electical Engineering. [3rd ed.].","key":"ref_2","DOI":"10.1049\/PBRA021E"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.1974.307893","article-title":"Rapid Convergence Rate in Adaptive Arrays","volume":"AES-10","author":"Reed","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"unstructured":"Wang, Y., and Peng, Y. (2000). Space-Time Adaptive Processing, Tsinghua University Press.","key":"ref_4"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1109\/7.845251","article-title":"Space-time adaptive radar performance in heterogeneous clutter","volume":"36","author":"Melvin","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1109\/7.784058","article-title":"Improved adaptive clutter cancellation through data-adaptive training","volume":"35","author":"Rabideau","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1006\/dspr.1996.0020","article-title":"A Deterministic Least Squares Approach to Adaptive Antennas","volume":"6","author":"Sarkar","year":"1996","journal-title":"Digit. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1109\/74.920027","article-title":"Space-time adaptive processing using circular arrays","volume":"43","author":"Sarkar","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2002.1011223","article-title":"Adaptive processing using a single snapshot for a nonuniformly spaced array in the presence of mutual coupling and near-field scatterers","volume":"50","author":"Kyungjung","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2004.823994","article-title":"Direction of arrival estimation based on temporal and spatial processing using a direct data domain (D3) approach","volume":"52","author":"Kyungjung","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3265","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2004.836410","article-title":"Phase-only adaptive Processing based on a direct data domain least squares approach using the conjugate gradient method","volume":"52","author":"Sarkar","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2005.859753","article-title":"Adaptive processing using real weights based on a direct data domain least squares approach","volume":"54","author":"Choi","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2005.863150","article-title":"Minimum norm property for the sum of the adaptive weights for a direct data domain least squares algorithm","volume":"54","author":"Choi","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"unstructured":"Melvin, W.L., and Wicks, M.C. (1997, January 13\u201315). Improving practical space-time adaptive radar. Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE National Radar Conference, Syracuse, NY, USA.","key":"ref_14"},{"unstructured":"Melvin, W.L., Wicks, M.C., and Brown, R.D. (1996, January 13\u201316). Assessment of multichannel airborne radar measurements for analysis and design of space-time processing architectures and algorithms. Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE National Radar Conference, Boston, MA, USA.","key":"ref_15"},{"unstructured":"Babu, B.N.S., Torres, J.A., and Melvin, W.L. (1996, January 15\u201318). Processing and evaluation of multichannel airborne radar measurements (MCARM) measured data. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology, Boston, MA, USA.","key":"ref_16"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1006\/jmva.1998.1788","article-title":"Screening among Multivariate Normal Data","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Multivar. Anal."},{"unstructured":"Adve, R.S., Hale, T.B., and Wicks, M.C. (1999, January 22). Transform domain localized processing using measured steering vectors and non-homogeneity detection. Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE Radar Conference, Waltham, MA, USA.","key":"ref_18"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2006.1593336","article-title":"Knowledge-aided adaptive radar at DARPA: An overview","volume":"23","author":"Guerci","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2006.248215","article-title":"Knowledge-aided signal processing: A new paradigm for radar and other advanced sensors","volume":"42","author":"Melvin","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wicks, M.C., Melvin, W.L., and Chen, P. (1997, January 14\u201316). An efficient architecture for nonhomogeneity detection in space-time adaptive processing airborne early warning radar. Proceedings of the Radar 97 (Conf. Publ. No. 449), Edinburgh, UK.","key":"ref_21","DOI":"10.1049\/cp:19971682"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2003.1188894","article-title":"Robust space-time adaptive processing for airborne radar in nonhomogeneous clutter environments","volume":"39","author":"Zheng","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"unstructured":"Gerlach, K., and Picciolo, M.L. (2003, January 8). Robust STAP using reiterative censoring. Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Radar Conference (Cat. No. 03CH37474), Huntsville, AL, USA.","key":"ref_23"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2004.1337465","article-title":"Robust adaptive matched filtering using the FRACTA algorithm","volume":"40","author":"Gerlach","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2006.248197","article-title":"Stap using knowledge-aided covariance estimation and the fracta algorithm","volume":"42","author":"Blunt","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2009.4805263","article-title":"Partially Adaptive STAP using the FRACTA Algorithm","volume":"45","author":"Shackelford","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2012.0190","article-title":"Covariance matrix estimation via geometric barycenters and its application to radar training data selection","volume":"7","author":"Aubry","year":"2013","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2013.0043","article-title":"Median matrices and their application to radar training data selection","volume":"8","author":"Aubry","year":"2014","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"138","article-title":"Robust Heterogeneous Clutter Suppression Method for Airborne Planar Array Radar","volume":"43","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electron. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1728","article-title":"Generalized Adjacent Multi-beam Adaptive Processing Based Low-altitude Wind-shear Wind Speed Estimation under Aircraft Yawing","volume":"41","author":"Hai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electron. Inf. Technol."},{"unstructured":"Ward, J. (1995, January 9\u201312). Space-time adaptive processing for airborne radar. Proceedings of the 1995 International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Detroit, MI, USA.","key":"ref_31"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2014.0018","article-title":"Range-dependent clutter suppression approach for non-side-looking airborne radar based on orthogonal waveforms","volume":"9","author":"Wen","year":"2015","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2006.248199","article-title":"Implementing digital terrain data in knowledge-aided space-time adaptive processing","volume":"42","author":"Capraro","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3016673","article-title":"Information Geometric Means-Based STAP for Nonhomogeneous Clutter Suppression in High Frequency Hybrid Sky-Surface Wave Radar","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"unstructured":"Cui, G., Li, N., Kong, L., and Yang, X. (2015, January 14\u201316). Performance assessment for geometric-based covariance estimation in heterogeneous clutter. Proceedings of the IET International Radar Conference 2015, Hangzhou, China.","key":"ref_35"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"3938","article-title":"Single data set-STAP algorithm in heterogeneous environmt","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Aeronaut. Tronautica Sin."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"405","article-title":"Knowledge aided secondary data selection in space time adaptive processing","volume":"32","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Syst. Eng. Electron."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1840","article-title":"The Contaminated Sample Selecting Method for STAP","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Electron. Sin."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2019.2897400","article-title":"Cross-Spectral Metric Smoothing-Based GIP for Space-Time Adaptive Processing","volume":"16","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2017.07.008","article-title":"A training samples selection method based on system identification for STAP","volume":"142","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2011.0404","article-title":"Robust non-homogeneity detection algorithm based on prolate spheroidal wave functions for space-time adaptive processing","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"422","article-title":"Iterative Weighted Covariance Matrix Estimation Method for STAP Based on Generalized Inner Products","volume":"36","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Electron. Inf. Technol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelli, S., Bacci, A., Giusti, E., Martorella, M., and Berizzi, F. (2017, January 23\u201326). Effectiveness of knowledge-based STAP in ground targets detection with real dataset. Proceedings of the International Conference on Radar Systems (Radar 2017), Belfast, Northern Ireland.","key":"ref_43","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2017.0389"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"866","article-title":"A simplified eigencanceler for airborne MIMO radar clutter suppression","volume":"32","author":"Lv","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Aeronaut. Tronautica Sin."},{"unstructured":"Zhang, X. (2013). Matrix Analysis and Applications, Tsinghua University Press. [2nd ed.].","key":"ref_45"},{"unstructured":"Fazel, M. (2002). Matrix Rank Minimization with Applications. [Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University].","key":"ref_46"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/9\/3108\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:55:28Z","timestamp":1760162128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/9\/3108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s21093108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21093108","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]}}}