{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T17:53:33Z","timestamp":1781978013104,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]],"date-time":"2021-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008982","name":"Qatar National Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NPRP11S-0102-180178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPRP11S-0102-180178"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Implantable antennas are mandatory to transfer data from implants to the external world wirelessly. Smart implants can be used to monitor and diagnose the medical conditions of the patient. The dispersion of the dielectric constant of the tissues and variability of organ structures of the human body absorb most of the antenna radiation. Consequently, implanting an antenna inside the human body is a very challenging task. The design of the antenna is required to fulfill several conditions, such as miniaturization of the antenna dimension, biocompatibility, the satisfaction of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), and efficient radiation characteristics. The asymmetric hostile human body environment makes implant antenna technology even more challenging. This paper aims to summarize the recent implantable antenna technologies for medical applications and highlight the major research challenges. Also, it highlights the required technology and the frequency band, and the factors that can affect the radio frequency propagation through human body tissue. It includes a demonstration of a parametric literature investigation of the implantable antennas developed. Furthermore, fabrication and implantation methods of the antenna inside the human body are summarized elaborately. This extensive summary of the medical implantable antenna technology will help in understanding the prospects and challenges of this technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]],"date-time":"2021-05-02T08:05:21Z","timestamp":1619942721000},"page":"3163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Review on Medical Implantable Antenna Technology and Imminent Research Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0268-9978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Mohiuddin","family":"Soliman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic &amp; Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0744-8206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad E. H.","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7068-9112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amith","family":"Khandakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4929-3209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Tariqul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic &amp; Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9567-7545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yazan","family":"Qiblawey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0489-0090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farayi","family":"Musharavati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical &amp; Industrial Engineering Department, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erfan","family":"Zal Nezhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhury, M.E., Khandakar, A., Alzoubi, K., Mansoor, S., Tahir, A.M., Reaz, M.B.I., and Al-Emadi, N. (2019). Real-time smart-digital stethoscope system for heart diseases monitoring. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19122781"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhury, M.E., Alzoubi, K., Khandakar, A., Khallifa, R., Abouhasera, R., Koubaa, S., Ahmed, R., and Hasan, A. (2019). Wearable real-time heart attack detection and warning system to reduce road accidents. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19122780"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3544","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2011.2163763","article-title":"Design, realization and measurements of a miniature antenna for implantable wireless communication systems","volume":"59","author":"Merli","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2017.2647945","article-title":"A multiband antenna associating wireless monitoring and nonleaky wireless power transfer system for biomedical implants","volume":"65","author":"Das","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skrivervik, A.K., and Merli, F. (2011, January 14\u201315). Design strategies for implantable antennas. Proceedings of the 2011 Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference, Loughborough, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/LAPC.2011.6114011"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3556","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2011.2163761","article-title":"Design of an implantable slot dipole conformal flexible antenna for biomedical applications","volume":"59","author":"Scarpello","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2018.2790418","article-title":"Circularly polarized implantable antenna for 915 MHz ISM-band far-field wireless power transmission","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loktongbam, P., Pal, D., and Koley, C. (2019). Design of an implantable antenna for biotelemetry applications. Microsyst. Technol., 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-019-04531-y"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95417","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2996020","article-title":"The Design of a Reconfigurable Slot Antenna Printed on Glass for Wearable Applications","volume":"8","author":"Cil","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Merli, F. (2011). Implantable Antennas for Biomedical Applications. [Ph.D. Thesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2004.832018","article-title":"Implanted antennas inside a human body: Simulations, designs, and characterizations","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28889","DOI":"10.3390\/s151128889","article-title":"Power approaches for implantable medical devices","volume":"15","author":"Amar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/51.805148","article-title":"A wireless near-infrared energy system for medical implants","volume":"18","author":"Murakawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Parkhouse, L. (2006). Photovoltaic Powered Charging Apparatus for Implanted Rechargeable Batteries. (No. 7,003,353), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1109\/10.930908","article-title":"An implantable power supply with an optically rechargeable lithium battery","volume":"48","author":"Goto","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banerji, S., Goh, W.L., Cheong, J.H., and Je, M. (2013, January 9\u201311). CMUT ultrasonic power link front-end for wireless power transfer deep in body. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on RF and Wireless Technologies for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications (IMWS-BIO), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMWS-BIO.2013.6756176"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Conran, C.P. (2013). Antenna Designs for Wireless Medical Implants. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Technological University of Dublin]."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Fish & Richardson (2017). Wireless Medical Technologies: Navigating Government Regulation in the New Medical Age, Fish & Richardson."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"European Communications Office (2019, September 06). ERC Recommendation of 1997 on Relating to the Use of Short Range Devices (SRD), Latest Amended on 23 October 2020. Available online: https:\/\/docdb.cept.org\/document\/845."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045006","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/aab974","article-title":"Bone fracture monitoring using implanted antennas in the radius, tibia and phalange heterogeneous bone phantoms","volume":"4","author":"Symeonidis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-013-9759-7","article-title":"Continuous in vivo blood pressure measurements using a fully implantable wireless SAW sensor","volume":"15","author":"Murphy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Dove, I. (2014). Analysis of Radio Propagation Inside the Human Body for in-Body Localization Purposes. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Twente]."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Pozar, D.M. (2011). Microwave Engineering, John Wiley & Sons Inc.. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Andreuccetti, D., Fossi, R., and Petrucci, C. (2021, March 09). An Internet Resource for the Calculation of the Dielectric Properties of Body Tissues in the Frequency Range 10 Hz\u2013100 GHz. Available online: http:\/\/niremf.ifac.cnr.it\/tissprop\/."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/002","article-title":"The dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz","volume":"41","author":"Gabriel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Furse, C., Christensen, D.A., Durney, C.H., and Nagel, J. (2018). Basic Introduction to Bioelectromagnetics, CRC Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2004.831976","article-title":"Design of implantable microstrip antenna for communication with medical implants","volume":"52","author":"Soontornpipit","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(98)00010-6","article-title":"Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial","volume":"20","author":"Piconi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"359","article-title":"3D-spiral small antenna design and realization for biomedical telemetry in the MICS band","volume":"18","author":"Abadia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radioengineering"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2010.2048693","article-title":"In vivo verification of implantable antennas using rats as model animals","volume":"9","author":"Karacolak","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4081\/bam.2013.3.91","article-title":"The short-term effects of antenna insulation thickness on path losses in wireless telemetry implants at microwave frequencies","volume":"23","author":"Kneisz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Transl. Myol."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Garcia Miquel, A. (2018). Antenna Design and Characterization for Biomedical Applications. [Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona]."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Balanis, C.A. (2015). Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, John Wiley & Sons Inc. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) (2020). IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields, 0 Hz to 300 GHz, IEEE. IEEE C95.1-2019\/Cor 2-2020; Corrigenda 2."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) (1992). IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz, IEEE. IEEE C95.1-1991."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shadid, R., and Noghanian, S. (2018). A literature survey on wireless power transfer for biomedical devices. Int. J. Antennas Propag.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4382841"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERM17082101","article-title":"A U-shaped meandered slot antenna for biomedical applications","volume":"62","author":"Sukhija","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"883","article-title":"Compact Meander Line Telemetry Antenna for Implantable Pacemaker Applications","volume":"10","author":"Samsuri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indones. J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Alrawashdeh, R. (2013, January 8\u201312). A New Small Conformal Antenna for Capsule Endoscopy. Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP 2013, Gothenburg, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faerber, J., and Desmulliez, M.P.Y. (2015, January 2\u20133). Conformal Meander Shaped Antenna for Biotelemetry in Endoscopic Capsules. Proceedings of the Antennas & Propagation Conference (LAPC), Loughborough, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/LAPC.2015.7366056"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faerber, J., Cummins, G., and Desmulliez, M.P.Y. (2016, January 4\u20136). Design of conformal wideband antennas for capsule endoscopy within a body tissue environment. Proceedings of the 2016 46th European Microwave Conference (EuMC), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuMC.2016.7824570"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arefin, M.S., Redoute, J.-M., and Yuce, M. (2016, January 16\u201320). Meandered conformai antenna for ISM-band ingestible capsule communication systems. Proceedings of the 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2016.7591368"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiourti1, A., Psathas, K., Costa, J., Fernandes, C., and Nikita, K. (2013). Dual-Band Implantable Antennas for Medical Telemetry: A Fast Design Methodology and Validation for Intra-Cranial Pressure Monitoring. Prog. Electromagn. Res., 141, 161\u2013183.","DOI":"10.2528\/PIER13051706"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tirkey, S., Jha, N., Pandeeswari, R., and Raghavan, S. (2016, January 23\u201325). Design of flexible meandered loop antennas loaded with CSRR and SRR for implantable applications. Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing and Networking, Chennai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSPNET.2016.7566406"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Miniature coplanar implantable antenna on thin and flexible platform for fully wireless intracranial pressure monitoring system","volume":"2017","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"204","article-title":"Design of implantable rectangular spiral antenna for wireless biotelemetry in MICS band","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electron. Telecommun. Res. Inst. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2016.2590477","article-title":"A miniaturized CSRR loaded wide-beamwidth circularly polarized implantable antenna for subcutaneous real-time glucose monitoring","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eldek, A., and Elhefnawi, F. (2011, January 26\u201328). Split Ring Resonator-Based Miniaturized Antennas. Proceedings of the 28th National Radio Science Conference, Cairo, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/NRSC.2011.5873585"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamac, Y., and Basaran, S. (2016, January 19\u201322). A compact dual band implantable antenna based on split-ring resonators with meander line slots. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Applied Electromagnetics and Communications, Dubrovnik, Croatia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECom.2016.7843887"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"27","article-title":"Multilayered implantable antenna design for biotelemetry communication","volume":"3","author":"Gurdogan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk. J. Electromech. Energy"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20070463","article-title":"Compact broadband stacked implantable antenna for biotelemetry with medical devices","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1080\/09205071.2019.1684388","article-title":"Compact and tissue-insensitive implantable antenna on magneto-dielectric substrate for wireless biotelemetry","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electromagn. Waves Appl."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2528\/PIER16121507","article-title":"Multilayered broadband antenna for compact embedded implantable medical devices: Design and characterization","volume":"159","author":"Miquel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Progr. Electromagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1109\/MMM.2014.2308765","article-title":"Implantable Antennas: A Tutorial on Design, Fabrication, and In Vitro\\\/In Vivo Testing","volume":"15","author":"Kiourti","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Mag."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s13198-016-0491-6","article-title":"Stacked arrangement of meandered patches for biomedical applications","volume":"9","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Assur. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeboah-Akowuah, B., Kallos, E., Palikaras, G., Chen, Y., and Kosmas, P. (2014, January 6\u201311). A novel compact planar inverted-F antenna for biomedical applications in the MICS band. Proceedings of the The 8th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2014), Hague, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCAP.2014.6901888"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serhal, D., Nasser, N., Rammal, M., and Vaudon, P. (2018, January 20\u201322). Impact of Phone and Hand Position on SAR Distribution Using Liquid-Based PIFA Antenna. Proceedings of the International conference on the Sciences of Electronics, Technologies of Information and Telecommunications, Hammamet, Tunisia.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-21009-0_30"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harish, A., Hidayat, M.R., Nur, L.O., Nugroho, B.S., and Munir, A. (2017, January 26\u201327). Spiral-shaped printed planar inverted-F antenna for body wearable application. Proceedings of the 2017 11th International Conference on Telecommunication Systems Services and Applications (TSSA), Lombok, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/TSSA.2017.8272937"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sultana, S., Miran, M.M., Uddin, S.M.A., Naby, M.M., and Haque, M. (2017, January 7\u20139). Performance analysis of a Mmodified implantable PIFA operates at MICS band for human head phantom model. Proceedings of the 2017 3rd International Conference on Electrical Information and Communication Technology (EICT), Khulna, Bagladesh.","DOI":"10.1109\/EICT.2017.8275234"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sultana, S., Hasan, R.R., Mondal, T.K., Tusher, R.T.H., and Zabin, S. (2017, January 28\u201330). Performance analysis of body implantable PIFA at different substrate material. Proceedings of the 2017 4th International Conference on Advances in Electrical Engineering (ICAEE), Dhaka, Bangladesh.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAEE.2017.8255329"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouazizi, A., Zaibi, G., Samet, M., and Kachouri, A. (2018, January 8\u201312). A Miniaturized Invasive Antenna Study for a Better performance in Medical Application. Proceedings of the 2018 32nd International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA), Grenbole, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/WAINA.2018.00070"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sajjad, H., Sethi, W.T., Khan, S., and Jan, L. (2017, January 19\u201322). Compact dual-band implantable antenna for E-health monitoring. Proceedings of the 2017 International Symposium on Wireless Systems and Networks (ISWSN), Lahore, Pakistan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWSN.2017.8250020"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Houzen, T., Takahashi, M., Saito, K., and Ito, K. (2008, January 2\u20134). Implanted planar inverted F-antenna for cardiac pacemaker system. Proceedings of the 2008 International Workshop on Antenna Technology: Small Antennas and Novel Metamaterials, Santa Monica, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWAT.2008.4511351"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiourti, A., Christopoulou, M., Koulouridis, S., and Nikita, K.S. (2010, January 18\u201320). Design of a novel miniaturized implantable PIFA for biomedical telemetry. Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Mobile Communication and Healthcare, Ayia Napa, Cyprus.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20865-2_17"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"21","article-title":"The effect of insulating layers on the performance of implanted antennas","volume":"59","author":"Merli","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessing the intrinsic radiation efficiency of tissue implanted UHF antennas","volume":"68","author":"Zelenchuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Rennaker, R.L., Hutchens, C., and Ibrahim, T.S. (2014). Implanted miniaturized antenna for brain computer interface applications: Analysis and design. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103945"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Saboni, Y., Conway, G.A., and Scanlon, W.G. (2017, January 9\u201314). The importance of antenna near-field losses in intra-body UHF communication applications. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC\/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APUSNCURSINRSM.2017.8072242"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahrami, H., Gosselin, B., and Rusch, L.A. (2012, January 17\u201320). Design of a miniaturized UWB antenna optimized for implantable neural recording systems. Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International NEWCAS Conference, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/NEWCAS.2012.6329018"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Yazdandoost, K.Y. (2009, January 7\u201310). A 2.4 GHz antenna for medical implanted communications. Proceedings of the 2009 Asia Pacific Microwave Conference, Singapore."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahrami, H., Gosselin, B., and Rusch, L.A. (September, January 28). Realistic modeling of the biological channel for the design of implantable wireless UWB communication systems. Proceedings of the 2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2012.6347365"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2011.2181315","article-title":"A compact omnidirectional self-packaged patch antenna with complementary split-ring resonator loading for wireless endoscope applications","volume":"10","author":"Cheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2005.845211","article-title":"Equivalent-circuit models for split-ring resonators and complementary split-ring resonators coupled to planar transmission lines","volume":"53","author":"Baena","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2015.2403952","article-title":"A broadband flexible implantable loop antenna with complementary split ring resonators","volume":"14","author":"Alrawashdeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z.-J., and Xiao, S. (2018, January 24\u201326). A wideband implantable antenna for 2.4 GHz ISM band biomedical application. Proceedings of the 2018 International Workshop on Antenna Technology (iWAT), Kuching, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWAT.2018.8379168"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2015.2491326","article-title":"Implantable wideband low-specific-absorption-rate antenna on a thin flexible substrate","volume":"15","author":"Tsai","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikolayev, D., Zhadobov, M., Karban, P., and Sauleau, R. (2016, January 14\u201316). Increasing the radiation efficiency and matching stability of in-body capsule antennas. Proceedings of the 2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCAP.2016.7481314"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1509","article-title":"Design of compact microstrip patch antenna for WBAN applications at ISM 2.4 GHz","volume":"15","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indones. J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3416","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2019.2905891","article-title":"A stable impedance-matched ultrawideband antenna system mitigating detuning effects for multiple biotelemetric applications","volume":"67","author":"Basir","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5086","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2017.2741027","article-title":"An ultrawideband conformal capsule antenna with stable impedance matching","volume":"65","author":"Bao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Symeonidis, S., Whittow, W.G., Panagamuwa, C., and Zecca, M. (2015, January 2\u20133). An implanted antenna system for the monitoring of the healing of bone fractures. Proceedings of the 2015 Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference (LAPC), Loughborough, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/LAPC.2015.7365996"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabriel, C. (1996). Compilation of the Dielectric Properties of Body Tissues at RF and Microwave Frequencies, King\u2019s Coll London (United Kingdom) Department of Physics.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA303903"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1960.1144853","article-title":"Fresnel region field distributions of circular aperture antennas","volume":"8","year":"1960","journal-title":"IRE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1557\/opl.2012.1150","article-title":"A Biocompatible SiC RF Antenna for In-vivo Sensing Applications","volume":"1433","author":"Afroz","year":"2012","journal-title":"MRS Online Proc. Libr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162062","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2951489","article-title":"Design and Characterization of a Miniaturized Implantable Antenna in a Seven-Layer Brain Phantom","volume":"7","author":"Hout","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiourti, A., Christopoulou, M., and Nikita, K.S. (2011, January 3\u20138). Performance of a novel miniature antenna implanted in the human head for wireless biotelemetry. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (APSURSI), Spokane, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APS.2011.5996726"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2008.919373","article-title":"Design of a dual-band implantable antenna and development of skin mimicking gels for continuous glucose monitoring","volume":"56","author":"Karacolak","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6424(200104)84:4<67::AID-ECJA8>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Development and characteristics of a biological tissue-equivalent phantom for microwaves","volume":"84","author":"Ito","year":"2001","journal-title":"Electron. Commun. Jpn. (Part. I Commun.)"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2014.2310749","article-title":"A broadband implantable and a dual-band on-body repeater antenna: Design and transmission performance","volume":"62","author":"Kiourti","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3140","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2202659","article-title":"Miniature implantable antennas for biomedical telemetry: From simulation to realization","volume":"59","author":"Kiourti","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11708-008-0016-3","article-title":"Power sources and electrical recharging strategies for implantable medical devices","volume":"2","author":"Wei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front. Energy Power Eng. China"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6588","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0346328","article-title":"Characteristics of a miniature compartment-less glucose\u2212O2 biofuel cell and its operation in a living plant","volume":"125","author":"Mano","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2006.01.030","article-title":"Biofuel cells and their development","volume":"21","author":"Bullen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Stark, I., and Stordeur, M. (September, January 29). New micro thermoelectric devices based on bismuth telluride-type thin solid films. Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Thermoelectrics. Proceedings, ICT\u201999 (Cat. No. 99TH8407), Baltimore, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1007\/s11664-011-1834-3","article-title":"Thin thermoelectric generator system for body energy harvesting","volume":"41","author":"Settaluri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Niu, P., Chapman, P., Riemer, R., and Zhang, X. (2004, January 20\u201325). Evaluation of motions and actuation methods for biomechanical energy harvesting. Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference (IEEE Cat. No. 04CH37551), Aachen, Germany."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1243\/095440605X16947","article-title":"An investigation on piezoelectric energy harvesting for MEMS power sources","volume":"219","author":"Sohn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part. C J. Mech. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"549","article-title":"Electric-energy generation through variable-capacitive resonator for power-free LSI","volume":"87","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Electron."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0239","DOI":"10.1007\/s100470200045","article-title":"Development of an electrostatic generator for a cardiac pacemaker that harnesses the ventricular wall motion","volume":"5","author":"Tashiro","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X15585897","article-title":"Ultrasonically powered piezoelectric generators for bio-implantable sensors: Plate versus diaphragm","volume":"27","author":"Christensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Phillips, W., Towe, B., and Larson, P. (2003, January 17\u201321). An ultrasonically-driven piezoelectric neural stimulator. Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (IEEE Cat. No. 03CH37439), Cancun, Mexico."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Parramon, J., Doguet, P., Marin, D., Verleyssen, M., Munoz, R., Leija, L., and Valderrama, E. (November, January 30). ASIC-based batteryless implantable telemetry microsystem for recording purposes. Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Magnificent Milestones and Emerging Opportunities in Medical Engineering (Cat. No. 97CH36136), Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2528\/PIER11120515","article-title":"Detuning study of implantable antennas inside the human body","volume":"124","author":"Vidal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7179","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3045317","article-title":"Instrumented Hip Implant: A Review","volume":"21","author":"Qiblawey","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/9\/3163\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:56:45Z","timestamp":1760162205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/9\/3163"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s21093163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21093163","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]]}}}