{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T16:01:39Z","timestamp":1780502499539,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A biomimetic study on the auditory localization mechanism of Ormia ochracea was performed to improve the localization ability of small acoustic systems. We also present a microscale implementation of an acoustic localization device inspired by the auditory organ of the parasitic O. ochracea. The device consists of a pair of circular membranes coupled together with an elastic beam. The coupling serves to amplify the difference in magnitude and phase between the two membranes\u2019 responses as the incident angle of the sound changes, allowing directional information to be deduced from the coupled device response. The research results show that the intermembrane bridge structure improves the sound source localization and directional weak acoustic signal acquisition of sound detectors. The recognition rate of the phase difference and amplitude ratio was greatly improved. The theoretical resolution of the incident angle of the sound source can reach 2\u00b0 at a phase difference recognition rate of 5\u00b0. The sound source\u2019s optimal identification frequency range for the coupling device based on the intermembrane bridge bionic structure is 300 Hz to 1500 Hz.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T22:51:42Z","timestamp":1620255102000},"page":"3168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Mathematical Analysis and Micro-Spacing Implementation of Acoustic Sensor Based on Bio-Inspired Intermembrane Bridge Structure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3263-1862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Micro-Inertial Instrument and Advanced Navigation Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liye","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Micro-Inertial Instrument and Advanced Navigation Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Micro-Inertial Instrument and Advanced Navigation Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuwei","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Micro-Inertial Instrument and Advanced Navigation Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"Rockchip Electronics Co., Ltd., Fuzhou 350003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2014.2308051","article-title":"Advanced Binaural Sound Localization in 3-D for Humanoid Robots","volume":"63","author":"Keyrouz","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01048119","article-title":"Phonotaxis in female Ormia ochracea (Diptera, Tachinidae), a parasitoid of field crickets","volume":"6","author":"Walker","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Insect. Behav."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1139\/z96-046","article-title":"Temporal patterns of parasitoid fly (Ormia ochracea) attraction to field cricket song (Gryllus integer)","volume":"74","author":"Cade","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s003590050270","article-title":"Tympanal mechanics in the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea: Intertympanal coupling during mechanical vibration","volume":"183","author":"Robert","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1121\/1.413830","article-title":"Mechanically coupled ears for directional hearing in the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea","volume":"98","author":"Miles","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Amer."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3082118","article-title":"A low-noise differential microphone inspired by the ears of the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea","volume":"125","author":"Miles","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Amer."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2014.2329136","article-title":"A MEMS low-noise sound pressure gradient microphone with capacitive sensing","volume":"24","author":"Miles","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33701","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4887370","article-title":"Sound source localization inspired by the ears of the Ormia ochracea","volume":"105","author":"Kuntzman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02489","article-title":"Understanding and mimicking the dual optimality of the fly ear","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1049\/mnl.2013.0677","article-title":"Directional acoustic response of a silicon disc-based microelectromechanical systems structure","volume":"9","author":"Mackie","year":"2014","journal-title":"IET Micro Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2016.09.010","article-title":"Squeeze film damping analysis of biomimetic micromachined microphone for sound source localization","volume":"250","author":"Ishfaque","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173701","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3418640","article-title":"Fabrication of a microelectromechanical directional sound sensor with electronic readout using comb fingers","volume":"96","author":"Touse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2016.04.031","article-title":"Analytical modeling of squeeze air film damping of biomimetic MEMS directional microphone","volume":"375","author":"Ishfaque","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2011.2173931","article-title":"Physical analysis of a biomimetic microphone with a central-supported (C-S) circular diaphragm for sound source localization","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"030031","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4799682","article-title":"A biologically inspired silicon differential microphone with active Q control and optical sensing","volume":"19","author":"Miles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Meet. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9545","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66489-6","article-title":"Sound source localization by Ormia ochracea inspired low\u2013noise piezoelectric MEMS directional micro-phone","volume":"10","author":"Rahaman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29957","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29957","article-title":"Bio-inspired miniature direction finding acoustic sensor","volume":"6","author":"Wilmott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243902","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3043724","article-title":"Biomimetic optical directional microphone with structurally coupled diaphragms","volume":"93","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54109","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4776687","article-title":"Micromachined piezoelectric microphones with in-plane directivity","volume":"102","author":"Kuntzman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Bauer, R., Windmill, J.F.C., and Uttamchandani, D. (2016, January 24\u201328). Multiband asymmetric piezoelectric MEMS microphone inspired by the Ormia ochracea. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 29th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/MEMSYS.2016.7421830"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3794","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4988366","article-title":"A biologically inspired piezoelectric microphone","volume":"141","author":"Hall","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Amer."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"8088","article-title":"Air Writing via Receiver Array-Based Ultrasonic Source Lo-calization","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2019.2908694","article-title":"Azimuth-Only Estimation for TDOA-Based Direction Finding With 3-D Acoustic Array","volume":"69","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2013.2279017","article-title":"Reduced residual stress curvature and branched comb fingers increase sensitivity of MEMS acoustic sensor","volume":"23","author":"Downey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2361118","article-title":"Micromachined in-plane pressure-gradient piezoe-lectric microphones","volume":"15","author":"Kuntzman","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6046","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2909501","article-title":"Effect of torsional beam length on acoustic functionalities of bio-inspired piezoelectric MEMS directional microphone","volume":"19","author":"Rahaman","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2017.04.001","article-title":"On the theoretical maximum achievable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of piezoelectric microphones","volume":"264","author":"Seo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-018-0454-z","article-title":"A technical review and evaluation of implantable sensors for hearing devices","volume":"17","author":"Calero","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Eng OnLine."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2018.09.002","article-title":"Insect-inspired acoustic micro-sensors","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2018.2810698","article-title":"Analysis of a Linearizing Direct Digitizer With Phase-Error Compensation for TMR Angular Position Sensor","volume":"67","author":"Sreekantan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, G., Wang, K., and Liu, L. (2021). Underwater Acoustic Target Recognition Based on Depthwise Separable Convolution Neural Networks. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041429"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, J., Yin, S., Cui, Z., and Kundu, T. (2021). Experimental Research on Rapid Localization of Acoustic Source in a Cylindrical Shell Structure without Knowledge of the Velocity Profile. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020511"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matcom.2021.01.019","article-title":"Free vibration analysis of viscoelastic plates with simultaneous calculation of natural frequency and viscous damping","volume":"185","author":"Jafari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Math. Comput. Simulat."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/9\/3168\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:56:48Z","timestamp":1760162208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/9\/3168"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s21093168"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21093168","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]}}}