{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:40:14Z","timestamp":1790361614464,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Foundation Ireland","award":["SFI\/12\/RC\/2289_P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFI\/12\/RC\/2289_P2"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["SFI\/12\/RC\/2289_P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFI\/12\/RC\/2289_P2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Consumer-level 3D printers are becoming increasingly prevalent in home settings. However, research shows that printing with these desktop 3D printers can impact indoor air quality (IAQ). This study examined particulate matter (PM) emissions generated by 3D printers in an indoor domestic setting. Print filament type, brand, and color were investigated and shown to all have significant impacts on the PM emission profiles over time. For example, emission rates were observed to vary by up to 150-fold, depending on the brand of a specific filament being used. Various printer settings (e.g., fan speed, infill density, extruder temperature) were also investigated. This study identifies that high levels of PM are triggered by the filament heating process and that accessible, user-controlled print settings can be used to modulate the PM emission from the 3D printing process. Considering these findings, a low-cost home IAQ sensor was evaluated as a potential means to enable a home user to monitor PM emissions from their 3D printing activities. This sensing approach was demonstrated to detect the timepoint where the onset of PM emission from a 3D print occurs. Therefore, these low-cost sensors could serve to inform the user when PM levels in the home become elevated significantly on account of this activity and furthermore, can indicate the time at which PM levels return to baseline after the printing process and\/or after adding ventilation. By deploying such sensors at home, domestic users of 3D printers can assess the impact of filament type, color, and brand that they utilize on PM emissions, as well as be informed of how their selected print settings can impact their PM exposure levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T22:36:24Z","timestamp":1620426984000},"page":"3247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Monitoring of Particulate Matter Emissions from 3D Printing Activity in the Home Setting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Shirin","family":"Khaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Insight, SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland"},{"name":"National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland"},{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4557-6487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emer","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Insight, SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland"},{"name":"National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1028-8389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan F.","family":"Smeaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Insight, SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland"},{"name":"School of Computing, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3031-4794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aoife","family":"Morrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Insight, SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland"},{"name":"National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland"},{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cincinelli, A., and Martellini, T. 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