{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:43:20Z","timestamp":1760165000371,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]],"date-time":"2021-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, an analytical framework is presented for device detection in an impulse radio (IR) ultra-wide bandwidth (UWB) system and its performance analysis is carried out. The Neyman\u2013Pearson (NP) criteria is employed for this device-free detection. Different from the frequency-based approaches, the proposed detection method utilizes time domain concepts. The characteristic function (CF) is utilized to measure the moments of the presence and absence of the device. Furthermore, this method is easily extendable to existing device-free and device-based techniques. This method can also be applied to different pulse-based UWB systems which use different modulation schemes compared to IR-UWB. In addition, the proposed method does not require training to measure or calibrate the system operating parameters. From the simulation results, it is observed that an optimal threshold can be chosen to improve the ROC for UWB system. It is shown that the probability of false alarm, PFA, has an inverse relationship with the detection threshold and frame length. Particularly, to maintain PFA&lt;10\u22125 for a frame length of 300 ns, it is required that the threshold should be greater than 2.2. It is also shown that for a fix PFA, the probability of detection PD increases with an increase in interference-to-noise ratio (INR). Furthermore, PD approaches 1 for INR &gt;\u22122 dB even for a very low PFA i.e., PFA=1\u00d710\u22127. It is also shown that a 2 times increase in the interference energy results in a 3 dB improvement in INR for a fixed PFA=0.1 and PD=0.5. Finally, the derived performance expressions are corroborated through simulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T02:54:58Z","timestamp":1620615298000},"page":"3255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Device Free Detection in Impulse Radio Ultrawide Bandwidth Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Waqas Bin","family":"Abbas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fuhu","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3957-5341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qasim Zeeshan","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fahd Ahmed","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Temitope","family":"Alade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science at the Department of Computing and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, May 06). 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