{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:59:23Z","timestamp":1760234363131,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012149","name":"National Key Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Projects of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61827801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61827801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012149","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004750","name":"Aeronautical Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201901052001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201901052001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004750","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS2020026 and NS2020063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS2020026 and NS2020063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A new non-stationary (NS) geometry-based stochastic model (GBSM) is presented for developing and testing the communication systems of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) applications, which considers the three-dimensional (3D) scattering environments and allows 3D velocity as well. In this paper, the proposed GBSM for NS V2V channels allowed 3D velocity variations and was more suitable for actual V2V communications because it provided smoother transitions between the consecutive channel segments. The time-variant channel coefficient and the channel parameters, i.e., Doppler frequencies, path delay and power, angle of arrival (AoA), and angle of departure (AoD), were analyzed and derived. Likewise, the theoretical statistical properties as the probability density function (PDF), the auto-correlation function (ACF), and Doppler power spectral density (DPSD) were also analyzed and derived under the von Mises\u2013Fisher (VMF) distribution. Finally, the theoretical and measured results were well coordinated alongside the implemented results, which confirmed the feasibility of the introduced model along with the theoretical expressions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T02:54:58Z","timestamp":1620615298000},"page":"3271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Novel GBSM for Non-Stationary V2V Channels Allowing 3D Velocity Variations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Naeem","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boyu","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4995-5970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiuming","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junwei","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2019.2928898","article-title":"Propagation Channels of 5G Millimeter-Wave Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications: Recent Advances and Future Challenges","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Veh. 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