{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T18:19:10Z","timestamp":1761157150585,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National key research and development plan","award":["2016YFB0500502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFB0500502"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellites have many high-, medium-, and low-frequency micro vibration sources that lead to the optical axis jitter of the optical load and subsequently degrade the remote sensing image quality. To address this problem, this paper developed an image motion detection and restoration method based on an inertial reference laser, and describe edits principle and key components. To verify the feasibility and performance of this method, this paper also built an image motion measurement and restoration system based on an inertial reference laser, which comprised a camera (including the inertial reference laser unit and a Hartmann wavefront sensor), an integrating sphere, a simulated image target, a parallel light pope, a vibration isolation platform, a vibration generator, and a 6 degrees of freedom platform. The image restoration principle was also described. The background noise in the experiment environment was measured, and an image motion measurement accuracy experiment was performed. Verification experiments of image restoration were also conducted under various working conditions. The experiment results showed that the error of image motion detection based on the inertial reference laser was less than 0.12 pixels (root mean square). By using image motion data to improve image quality, the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the restored image was increased to 1.61\u20131.88 times that of the original image MTF. The image motion data could be used as feedback to the fast steering mirror to compensate for the satellite jitter in real time and to directly obtain high-quality images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21103309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T04:05:32Z","timestamp":1620705932000},"page":"3309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Image Motion Measurement and Image Restoration System Based on an Inertial Reference Laser"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ronggang","family":"Yue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing Satellite, CAST, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Humei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing Satellite, CAST, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing Satellite, CAST, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing Satellite, CAST, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing Satellite, CAST, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingfei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Spacecraft Environment Engineering, CAST, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering, CAST, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing Satellite, CAST, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shitao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing Satellite, CAST, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2018, September 17). Wikipedia.GeoEye-1[EB\/OL]. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GeoEye-1."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2018, September 17). Wikipedia.WorldView-4[EB\/OL]. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WorldView-4."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"98","article-title":"Observation Capability and Application Prospect of GF-4 Satellite","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spacecr. Recovery Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"77","article-title":"Vibration suppression in optical inter-satellite communications","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X14523852","article-title":"Development of multi-degree-of-freedom microvibration emulator for efficient jitter test of spacecraft","volume":"25","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"083604","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3482165","article-title":"In-orbit measurements of spacecraft microvibrations for satellite laser communication links","volume":"49","author":"Toyoshima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, S., Xu, Z., Wang, X., Li, A., and Huo, Q. (2017). Design and testing of a parallel manipulator for space micro-vibration simulation. Conference towards Autonomous Robotic Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-64107-2_8"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prashant, A.R., Madheswaran, M., Kartik, V., Naidu, V.R., Govindan, P., and Aravindakshan, P. (2016, January 16\u201317). System development for micro vibration measurements on spacecrafts. Proceedings of the International Conference on Control, Instrumentation, Communication and Computational Technologies (ICCICCT), Kumaracoil, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCICCT.2016.7987925"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"215","article-title":"The Study of Image Motion Measurement based on Joint Transform Correlator","volume":"27","author":"Ge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Simul."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0212001","DOI":"10.3788\/AOS201434.0212001","article-title":"Space camera image motion measurement based on images from time delayed integration sensors overlapped area","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Opt. Sin."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.271-272.584","article-title":"Effect of image motion and vibration on image quality of TDICCD camera","volume":"128","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0511002","DOI":"10.3788\/AOS201333.0511002","article-title":"Image motion velocity field for wide view remote sensing camera and detectors exposure integration control","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Opt. Sin."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"271","article-title":"Wideband Precision Two-axis Beam Steer Tracking Servo Design and Test Results","volume":"1866","author":"Hayden","year":"1993","journal-title":"SPIE"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1616","article-title":"Suppressing the image smear of the vibration modulation transfer function for remote-sensing optical cameras","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"127","article-title":"Optical Correlator for Image Motion Compensation in the Focal Plane of a Satellite Camera","volume":"21","author":"Janscher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"264","article-title":"SmartScan--Hardware Test Results for Smart Optoelectronic Image Correction for Push broom cameras","volume":"4814","author":"Valerij","year":"2002","journal-title":"SPIE"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tchernykh, V., Beck, M., and Janschek, K. (2007). Optical correlator based optical flow processor for real time visual navigation. Obinata G, Dutta A Vision Systems: Application, Tech Education and Publishing.","DOI":"10.5772\/4990"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.3788\/COL20100810.0989","article-title":"Improved Digital Processing Method Used for Image Motion Measurement Based on Hybrid Opto-digital Joint Transform Correlator","volume":"8","author":"Yi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2004.1","article-title":"Motion-based Motion Deblurring","volume":"26","author":"Nayar","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Research on Measurement Method of Image Motion of Space Camera Based on Optical Correlator","volume":"3","author":"Fan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Opt. Sin."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3553","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.35.003553","article-title":"Known-plain text attack on a joint transform correlator encrypting system","volume":"35","author":"Barrera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026401","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2167931","article-title":"Binary differential joint transform correlator based on a ferroelectric liquid crystal electrically addressed spatial light modulator","volume":"45","author":"Nishchal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10762","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.010762","article-title":"Real-time image stabilization for arbitrary motion blurred image based on opto-electronic hybrid joint transform correlator","volume":"19","author":"Qian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6184","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.50.006184","article-title":"Real-time image deblurring by optoelectronic hybrid processing","volume":"50","author":"Qian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2009.04.023","article-title":"The high resolution imaging science experiment (HiRISE) during MRO\u2032s primary science phase (PSP)","volume":"205","author":"McEwen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1117\/12.158800","article-title":"Line-of-sight jitter of the Hubble space telescope","volume":"1945","author":"Bely","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"A162","article-title":"HiJACK: Correcting spacecraft jitter in HiRISE images of Mars","volume":"33","author":"Mattson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Manag. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.05.004","article-title":"Image jitter detection and compensation using a high-frequency angular displacement method for Yaogan-26 remote sensing satellite","volume":"130","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3522","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2379435","article-title":"Attitude oscillation detection of the ZY-3 satellite by using multispectral parallax images","volume":"53","author":"Tong","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"4881","article-title":"Development of a blurred spectral images restoration technology for CTIS imaging spectrometer","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"080006","DOI":"10.3788\/LOP56.080006","article-title":"Image Motion Detection for Space Camera","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Laser Optoelectr. Prog."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8246","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.51.008246","article-title":"Platform motion blur image restoration system","volume":"51","author":"Olivas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"30:1","article-title":"Image deblurring using inertial measurement sensors","volume":"29","author":"Joshi","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACM Trans."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Gonzalez, R.C., and Woods, R.E. (2002). Digital Image Processing, Publishing House of Electronics Industry. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Yang, Z., and Gui, G. (2018). A convex constraint variational method for restoring blurred images in the presence of alpha-stable noises. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041175"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, J., Ye, P., Wang, L., and He, M. (2019). A novel image-restoration method based on high-order total variation regularization term. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8080867"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2008.2008420","article-title":"Efficient Minimization Method for a Generalized Total Variation Functional","volume":"18","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takeyama, S., Ono, S., and Kumazawa, I. (2020). A constrained convex optimization approach to hyperspectral image restoration with hybrid spatio-spectral regularization. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12213541"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levin, A., Fergus, R., Durand, F., and Freeman, W.T. (2007). Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture. ACM Trans. Graph., 26.","DOI":"10.1145\/1239451.1239521"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fast image deconvolution using hyper-laplacian priors","volume":"22","author":"Krishnan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Dong, W. (2013). Research on Image Restoration Based on Vibration Detection Using Fiber Optic Gyroscope, Zhejiang University. (In Chinese)."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/10\/3309\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:58:59Z","timestamp":1760162339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/10\/3309"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s21103309"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21103309","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]}}}