{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T22:10:39Z","timestamp":1780092639475,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Folic acid (FA) is the synthetic surrogate of the essential B vitamin folate, alternatively named folacin, pteroylglutamic acid or vitamin B9. FA is an electroactive compound that helps our body to create and keep our cells healthy: it acts as the main character in a variety of synthetic biological reactions such as the synthesis of purines, pyrimidine (thus being indirectly implied in DNA synthesis), fixing and methylation of DNA. Therefore, physiological folate deficiency may be responsible for severe degenerative conditions, including neural tube defects in developing embryos and megaloblastic anaemia at any age. Moreover, being a water-soluble molecule, it is constantly lost and has to be reintegrated daily; for this reason, FA supplements and food fortification are, nowadays, extremely diffused and well-established practices. Consequently, accurate, reliable and precise analytical techniques are needed to exactly determine FA concentration in various media. Thus, the aim of this review is to report on research papers of the past 5 years (2016\u20132020) dealing with rapid and low-cost electrochemical determination of FA in food or biological fluid samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21103360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T22:46:14Z","timestamp":1620859574000},"page":"3360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Determination of Folic Acid Using Biosensors\u2014A Short Review of Recent Progress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Alessio","family":"Di Tinno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via Gaetano di Biaio 1, 03043 Cassino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3278-0414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rocco","family":"Cancelliere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"CNR\u2014National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Crystallography (IC), Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00015 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6970-0318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Micheli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"INBB\u2014Consorzio Interuniversitario Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Viale Medaglie d\u2019Oro 305, 00136 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andlid, T.A., D\u2019Aimmo, M.R., and Jastrebova, J. (2018). Folate and bifidobacteria. the Bifidobacteria and Related Organisms, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-805060-6.00011-9"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.68.6.923","article-title":"Nutritional Cytopenia (Vitamin M Deficiency) in the Monkey","volume":"68","author":"Langston","year":"1938","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Talwar, G.P. (2015). Textbook of Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Allied and Molecular Medicine, Prentice-Hall of India. [4th ed.]. Place of Publication Not Identified."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2010.10.090","article-title":"Electrochemical behavior of folic acid on mercury meniscus modified silver solid amalgam electrode","volume":"56","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2016.07.002","article-title":"Electrochemical determination of folic acid: A short review","volume":"510","author":"Akbar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/cga.12233","article-title":"Nutritional role of folate","volume":"57","author":"Ebara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Congenit. Anom."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-018-0534-3","article-title":"A bacterial route for folic acid supplementation","volume":"16","author":"Maynard","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2017.00021","article-title":"Folates in Plants: Research Advances and Progress in Crop Biofortification","volume":"5","author":"Gorelova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2004.04339.x","article-title":"An alternative pathway for reduced folate biosynthesis in bacteria and halophilic archaea","volume":"54","author":"Levin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S179","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31818087d8","article-title":"Quantification of Folic Acid in Human Feces After Administration of Bifidobacterium Probiotic Strains","volume":"42","author":"Strozzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27345","article-title":"Folate is absorbed across the colon of adults: Evidence from cecal infusion of 13C-labeled [6S]-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid","volume":"90","author":"Aufreiter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000653","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000653","article-title":"Cancer risk with folic acid supplements: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wien","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-59-6-931","article-title":"Folic Acid Antagonists","volume":"59","author":"Berlin","year":"1963","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.31661\/gmj.v6i1.702","article-title":"History of Leukemia: Diagnosis and Treatment from Beginning to Now","volume":"6","author":"Mehranfar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Galen Med. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2017.3029","article-title":"Safety of Systemic Agents for the Treatment of Pediatric Psoriasis","volume":"153","author":"Bronckers","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-015-0049-9","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of folic acid supplementation for cardiovascular disease prevention through homocysteine lowering and blockade in rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"3","author":"Essouma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2015.12.365","article-title":"Folate-targeted nanoparticles for rheumatoid arthritis therapy","volume":"12","author":"Nogueira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.32.6.536","article-title":"Methotrexate therapy in polymyositis","volume":"32","author":"Arnett","year":"1973","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-81-2-182","article-title":"Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis: Combined Methotrexate and Corticosteroid Therapy","volume":"81","author":"Metzger","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-020-00502-6","article-title":"Dermatomyositis: An Update on Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"21","author":"Cobos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-017-0240-6","article-title":"Treatment of Juvenile Dermatomyositis: An Update","volume":"19","author":"Papadopoulou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200600191","article-title":"Folate and colorectal cancer: An evidence-based critical review","volume":"51","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.21.2351","article-title":"Folic Acid for the Prevention of Colorectal Adenomas","volume":"297","author":"Cole","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1622","article-title":"Cancer Incidence and Mortality After Treatment With Folic Acid and Vitamin B12","volume":"302","author":"Ebbing","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.10.010","article-title":"Folic acid intake and folate status and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Moazzen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52553","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.9651","article-title":"Targeting folate receptor alpha for cancer treatment","volume":"7","author":"Cheung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.6.1961S","article-title":"Folic Acid Supplements and Fortification Affect the Risk for Neural Tube Defects, Vascular Disease and Cancer: Evolving Science","volume":"133","author":"Bailey","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.7.PEDS20442","article-title":"Folate fortification and supplementation in prevention of folate-sensitive neural tube defects: A systematic review of policy","volume":"27","author":"Shlobin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3744","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.906893","article-title":"Synergistic Effect of Atorvastatin and Folic Acid on Cardiac Function and Ventricular Remodeling in Chronic Heart Failure Patients with Hyperhomocysteinemia","volume":"24","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-018-0237-y","article-title":"Folate and Its Impact on Cancer Risk","volume":"7","author":"Pieroth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104589","article-title":"Interrelations of vitamin b12 and folic acid metabolism: Folic acid clearance studies","volume":"41","author":"Herbert","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07439-1","article-title":"Importance of both folic acid and vitamin B12 in reduction of risk of vascular disease","volume":"359","author":"Quinlivan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/00001574-200203000-00013","article-title":"Diet, folate, and colon cancer","volume":"18","author":"Mason","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e328306ccdb","article-title":"Colon cancer in Chile before and after the start of the flour fortification program with folic acid","volume":"21","author":"Hirsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6031(02)00103-X","article-title":"Thermal stability of folic acid","volume":"392\u2013393","author":"Vora","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2697(02)00038-6","article-title":"Spectrophotometric determination of folic acid in pharmaceutical preparations by coupling reactions with iminodibenzyl or 3-aminophenol or sodium molybdate\u2013pyrocatechol","volume":"307","author":"Nagaraja","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ay41874j","article-title":"A UV spectrophotometric method for the determination of folic acid in pharmaceutical tablets and dissolution tests","volume":"6","author":"Matias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1094\/CCHEM.2001.78.4.375","article-title":"HPLC Determination of Stability and Distribution of Added Folic Acid and Some Endogenous Folates During Breadmaking","volume":"78","author":"Osseyi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cereal Chem. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(02)00506-X","article-title":"HPLC determination of folates in raw and processed beetroots","volume":"80","author":"Jastrebova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-018-1396-6","article-title":"LC-MS\/MS Determination of Mono-Glutamate Folates and Folic Acid in Beer","volume":"12","author":"Bertuzzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127767","article-title":"Modified EMR-lipid method combined with HPLC-MS\/MS to determine folates in egg yolks from laying hens supplemented with different amounts of folic acid","volume":"337","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Gong, F., Yu, Z., Shi, D., Liu, S., and Chen, M. (2021). Highly sensitive folic acid colorimetric sensor enabled by free-standing molecularly imprinted photonic hydrogels. Polym. Bull., 1\u201315. in press.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-021-03584-2"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-019-3705-1","article-title":"Determination of folic acid via its quenching effect on the fluorescence of MoS2 quantum dots","volume":"186","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1080\/00032710701567022","article-title":"Chemiluminometric and Fluorimetric Determination of Folic Acid","volume":"40","author":"Anastasopoulos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2005.01.039","article-title":"Capillary electrophoretic determination of methotrexate, leucovorin and folic acid in human urine","volume":"819","author":"Flores","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2005.11.052","article-title":"Determination of folic acid by capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection","volume":"1107","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2018.05.002","article-title":"Future trends in the market for electrochemical biosensing","volume":"10","author":"Neves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2012.11.078","article-title":"Chemiluminescence determination of folic acid by a flow injection analysis assembly","volume":"105","author":"Wabaidur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2020.01.025","article-title":"Folic acid biosensors: A review","volume":"92","author":"Batra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Process. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11164-018-3668-6","article-title":"Electrochemical determination of epinephrine, uric acid and folic acid using a carbon paste electrode modified with novel ferrocene derivative and core\u2013shell magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"45","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Chem. Intermed."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2016.03.017","article-title":"Electrochemical sensor for simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, uric acid and folic acid based on Mn-SnO2 nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrode","volume":"770","author":"Lavanya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"743","article-title":"Electrochemical Determination of Folic Acid in Fruit Juices Samples Using Electroanalytical Sensor Amplified with CuO\/SWCNTs and 1-Butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium Hexafluorophosphate","volume":"4","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2019.05.064","article-title":"Electrochemical investigation of a novel surfactant for sensitive detection of folic acid in pharmaceutical and biological samples by multivariate optimization","volume":"145","author":"Mollaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.05.065","article-title":"3D reduced graphene oxide\/FeNi3-ionic liquid nanocomposite modified sensor; an electrical synergic effect for development of tert-butylhydroquinone and folic acid sensor","volume":"172","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.01.119","article-title":"Amplified electrochemical sensor employing CuO\/SWCNTs and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate for selective analysis of sulfisoxazole in the presence of folic acid","volume":"495","author":"Amini","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2014.01.023","article-title":"A novel nanosensor based on Pt:Co nanoalloy ionic liquid carbon paste electrode for voltammetric determination of vitamin B9 in food samples","volume":"57","author":"Jamali","year":"2014","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"922","article-title":"ZnO nanoparticle modified carbon paste electrode as a sensor for electrochemical determination of tert-butylhydroquinone in food samples\u00bb, Anal. Bioanal","volume":"8","author":"Rahmanpour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.33945\/SAMI\/ECC.2020.5.7","article-title":"A nano-sensor based on screen printed electrode (SPE) for electro-chemical detection of vitamin B9","volume":"2","author":"Aflatoonian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurasian Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-016-1946-9","article-title":"Synergic effect of Pt-Co nanoparticles and a dopamine derivative in a nanostructured electrochemical sensor for simultaneous determination of N-acetylcysteine, paracetamol and folic acid","volume":"183","author":"Hatami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.20964\/2017.01.34","article-title":"Highly Sensitive Determination of Folic Acid Using Graphene Oxide Nanoribbon Film Modified Screen Printed Carbon Electrode","volume":"12","author":"Mani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2021.109450","article-title":"Development of novel Mn-zeolite\/graphite modified Screen-printed Carbon Electrode for ultrasensitive and selective determination of folic acid","volume":"179","author":"Porada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mani, V. (2017). Determination of Folic Acid Using Graphene\/Molybdenum Disulfide Nanosheets\/Gold Nanoparticles Ternary Composite. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 258\u2013267.","DOI":"10.20964\/2017.01.35"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1134\/S1023193518130402","article-title":"Simultaneous Determination of Epinephrine and Folic Acid Using the Fe3O4@SiO2\/GR Nanocomposite Modified Graphite","volume":"54","author":"Safaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Russ. J. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.17344\/acsi.2018.4629","article-title":"Modified Screen Printed Electrode for Selective Determination of Folic Acid","volume":"66","author":"Safaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Chim. Slov."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/28.3.225","article-title":"Depressed cell-mediated immunity in megaloblastic anemia due to folic acid deficiency","volume":"28","author":"Gross","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"107","article-title":"Simple and Rapid Quantification of Folic Acid in Pharmaceutical Tablets Using a Cathodically Pretreated Highly Boron-doped Polycrystalline Diamond Electrode","volume":"49","author":"Vojs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7747","DOI":"10.1039\/c1cp20060g","article-title":"DMF-exfoliated graphene for electrochemical NADH detection","volume":"13","author":"Keeley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/10\/3360\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:59:47Z","timestamp":1760162387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/10\/3360"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s21103360"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21103360","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]}}}