{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T02:04:16Z","timestamp":1771034656392,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current advancements in the development of functional nanomaterials and precisely designed nanostructures have created new opportunities for the fabrication of practical biosensors for field analysis. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) nanomaterials provide unique hierarchical structures, high surface area, and layered configurations with multiple length scales and porosity, and the possibility to create functionalities for targeted recognition at their surface. Such hierarchical structures offer prospects to tune the characteristics of materials\u2014e.g., the electronic properties, performance, and mechanical flexibility\u2014and they provide additional functions such as structural color, organized morphological features, and the ability to recognize and respond to external stimuli. Combining these unique features of the different types of nanostructures and using them as support for bimolecular assemblies can provide biosensing platforms with targeted recognition and transduction properties, and increased robustness, sensitivity, and selectivity for detection of a variety of analytes that can positively impact many fields. Herein, we first provide an overview of the recently developed 2D nanostructures focusing on the characteristics that are most relevant for the design of practical biosensors. Then, we discuss the integration of these materials with bio-elements such as bacteriophages, antibodies, nucleic acids, enzymes, and proteins, and we provide examples of applications in the environmental, food, and clinical fields. We conclude with a discussion of the manufacturing challenges of these devices and opportunities for the future development and exploration of these nanomaterials to design field-deployable biosensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21103369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T22:46:14Z","timestamp":1620859574000},"page":"3369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Two-Dimensional Nanostructures for Electrochemical Biosensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8929-5014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reem","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1368-0765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Radoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnology\u2014IMT Bucharest, 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190 Voluntari, Romania"}]},{"given":"Sidra","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCBM, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3123-581X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akhtar","family":"Hayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCBM, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2492-0819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Vasilescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Biodynamics, 1B Intrarea Portocalelor, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3382-7939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvana","family":"Andreescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2019.100523","article-title":"Reviews of wearable healthcare systems: Materials, devices and system integration","volume":"140","author":"Lou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6764","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CS00278E","article-title":"New insights and perspectives into biological materials for flexible electronics","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-2020-1353.ch005","article-title":"2D Nanomaterials with Hierarchical Architecture for Flexible Sensor Application","volume":"1353","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Symp. Ser."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.128703","article-title":"Self-assembled N-doped Q-dot carbon nanostructures as a SERS-active biosensor with selective therapeutic functionality","volume":"323","author":"Keshavarz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7178","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TB02009G","article-title":"Functional nanostructures for enzyme based biosensors: Properties, fabrication and applications","volume":"4","author":"Othman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.126048","article-title":"Switchable fluorescence sensor toward PAT via CA-MWCNTs quenched aptamer-tagged carboxyfluorescein","volume":"312","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070052","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202070052","article-title":"Emerging Applications of Elemental 2D Materials","volume":"32","author":"Glavin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901017","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201901017","article-title":"Graphene\u2019s Latest Cousin: Plumbene Epitaxial Growth on a \u201cNano WaterCube\u201d","volume":"31","author":"Yuhara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15717","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15717","article-title":"Hierarchical porous carbons with layer-by-layer motif architectures from confined soft-template self-assembly in layered materials","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6170","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b03862","article-title":"Designing Hierarchical Nanostructures from Conformable and Deformable Thin Materials","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.10.001","article-title":"Corrigendum to European contribution to the study of ROS: A summary of the findings and prospects for the future from the COST action BM1203 (EU-ROS) [Redox Biol. 13 (2017) 94\u2013162]","volume":"14","author":"Egea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2006.01.006","article-title":"Nanotechnologies for biomolecular detection and medical diagnostics","volume":"10","author":"Cheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b04768","article-title":"Black Phosphorus Flexible Thin Film Transistors at Gighertz Frequencies","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-018-2750-5","article-title":"A review on chemiresistive room temperature gas sensors based on metal oxide nanostructures, graphene and 2D transition metal dichalcogenides","volume":"185","author":"Joshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.01.059","article-title":"Covalent functionalization of MoS2 nanosheets synthesized by liquid phase exfoliation to construct electrochemical sensors for Cd (II) detection","volume":"182","author":"Gan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9139","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b03454","article-title":"Bioinspired Interlocked Structure-Induced High Deformability for Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide (MXene)\/Natural Microcapsule-Based Flexible Pressure Sensors","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1902333","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201902333","article-title":"2D Nanomaterials for Cancer Theranostic Applications","volume":"32","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2019.03.002","article-title":"Programmable three-dimensional advanced materials based on nanostructures as building blocks for flexible sensors","volume":"26","author":"Lou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57352","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c16855","article-title":"Accurate Monitoring of Small Strain for Timbre Recognition via Ductile Fragmentation of Functionalized Graphene Multilayers","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9781","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b03632","article-title":"Two-Dimensional Materials in Biosensing and Healthcare: From In Vitro Diagnostics to Optogenetics and Beyond","volume":"13","author":"Bolotsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CS00773J","article-title":"Graphdiyne: Synthesis, properties, and applications","volume":"48","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, R., and Andreescu, S. (2020). MXenes-Based Bioanalytical Sensors: Design, Characterization, and Applications. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185434"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2017.12.013","article-title":"Aptamer-functionalized carbon nanomaterials electrochemical sensors for detecting cancer relevant biomolecules","volume":"129","author":"Yanbing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2015.02.002","article-title":"Recent development in 2D materials beyond graphene","volume":"73","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102896","article-title":"Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films","volume":"306","author":"Novoselov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11700","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA00252D","article-title":"A review on mechanical exfoliation for the scalable production of graphene","volume":"3","author":"Yi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2008.215","article-title":"High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite","volume":"3","author":"Hernandez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11078","DOI":"10.1021\/la901402f","article-title":"Wettability and Surface Free Energy of Graphene Films","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18819","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.9b03427","article-title":"Natural Amino Acids: High-Efficiency Intercalants for Graphene Exfoliation","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3225","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200904144","article-title":"Controllable synthesis of graphene and its applications","volume":"2010. 22","author":"Wei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suvarnaphaet, P., and Pechprasarn, S. (2017). Graphene-Based Materials for Biosensors: A Review. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102161"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recent advances in graphene-based biosensor technology with applications in life sciences","volume":"16","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2020.04.070","article-title":"A graphene-laminated electrode with high glucose oxidase loading for highly-sensitive glucose detection","volume":"66","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4558","DOI":"10.3390\/s100504558","article-title":"Glucose Biosensors: An Overview of Use in Clinical Practice","volume":"10","author":"Yoo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2019.09.086","article-title":"Graphdiyne: A new promising member of 2D all-carbon nanomaterial as robust electrochemical enzyme biosensor platform","volume":"156","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2020.213514","article-title":"State of the art recent progress in two dimensional MXenes based gas sensors and biosensors: A comprehensive review","volume":"424","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Co-Ord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1021\/nn204153h","article-title":"Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides","volume":"6","author":"Naguib","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A709","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0641704jes","article-title":"Preparation of High-Purity V2C MXene and Electrochemical Properties as Li-Ion Batteries","volume":"164","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4248","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201102306","article-title":"Two-Dimensional Nanocrystals Produced by Exfoliation of Ti3AlC2","volume":"23","author":"Naguib","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2018.08.037","article-title":"Surface and Heterointerface Engineering of 2D MXenes and Their Nanocomposites: Insights into Electro- and Photocatalysis","volume":"5","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807326","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201807326","article-title":"MXene-Enabled Electrochemical Microfluidic Biosensor: Applications toward Multicomponent Continuous Monitoring in Whole Blood","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b03634","article-title":"MXene Titanium Carbide-based Biosensor: Strong Dependence of Exfoliation Method on Performance","volume":"92","author":"Chia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17030","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR01883A","article-title":"Inherent electrochemistry and charge transfer properties of few-layered two-dimensional Ti3C2TxMXene","volume":"10","author":"Nayak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.08.076","article-title":"Biofunctionalized two-dimensional Ti3C2 MXenes for ultrasensitive detection of cancer biomarker","volume":"121","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.111531","article-title":"A label-free electrochemical biosensor for highly sensitive detection of gliotoxin based on DNA nanostructure\/MXene nanocomplexes","volume":"142","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-020-04258-y","article-title":"\u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase decorated MXene nanosheets for the amperometric determination of \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate","volume":"187","author":"Koyappayil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.02.021","article-title":"2D transition metal carbide MXene as a robust biosensing platform for enzyme immobilization and ultrasensitive detection of phenol","volume":"107","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manzeli, S., Ovchinnikov, D., Pasquier, D., Yazyev, O.V., and Kis, A. (2017). 2D transition metal dichalcogenides. Nat. Rev. Mater., 2.","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2017.33"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.111573","article-title":"Recent advances in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides for biological sensing","volume":"142","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-014-1352-0","article-title":"Aptamer-based electrochemical assay of 17\u03b2-estradiol using a glassy carbon electrode modified with copper sulfide nanosheets and gold nanoparticles, and applying enzyme-based signal amplification","volume":"182","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2012.193","article-title":"Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"419","article-title":"Van der Waals heterostructures","volume":"499","author":"Geim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CS90037A","article-title":"Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanosheets","volume":"44","author":"Chhowalla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4074","DOI":"10.1021\/nn405938z","article-title":"Few-Layer MoS2: A Promising Layered Semiconductor","volume":"8","author":"Ganatra","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1021\/ar500277z","article-title":"Transition Metal Chalcogenides: Ultrathin Inorganic Materials with Tunable Electronic Properties","volume":"48","author":"Heine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5913","DOI":"10.1021\/nl402937g","article-title":"Two-Dimensional Chalcogenide Nanoplates as Tunable Metamaterials via Chemical Intercalation","volume":"13","author":"Cha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.06.011","article-title":"Recent advances in transition-metal dichalcogenides based electrochemical biosensors: A review","volume":"97","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10451","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502848102","article-title":"Two-dimensional atomic crystals","volume":"102","author":"Novoselov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4059","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201000009","article-title":"MoS2 and WS2 Analogues of Graphene","volume":"49","author":"Matte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14714","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14714","article-title":"Exfoliation of large-area transition metal chalcogenide single layers","volume":"5","author":"Magda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226419","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1226419","article-title":"Liquid Exfoliation of Layered Materials","volume":"340","author":"Nicolosi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1039\/C2NR33049K","article-title":"Polymer reinforcement using liquid-exfoliated boron nitride nanosheets","volume":"5","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7503","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.201502117","article-title":"(David). Ultrathin MoS2Nanosheets Supported on N-doped Carbon Nanoboxes with Enhanced Lithium Storage and Electrocatalytic Properties","volume":"127","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2010.279","article-title":"Single-layer MoS2 transistors","volume":"6","author":"Radisavljevic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6902","DOI":"10.1021\/nn5016242","article-title":"Large-Area Atomically Thin MoS2 Nanosheets Prepared Using Electrochemical Exfoliation","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11093","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201106004","article-title":"Single-Layer Semiconducting Nanosheets: High-Yield Preparation and Device Fabrication","volume":"50","author":"Zeng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"57666","article-title":"One pot hydrothermal synthesis of graphene like MoS2 nanosheets for application in high performance lithium ion batteries","volume":"5","author":"Veeramalai","year":"2015","journal-title":"RCS Adv."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"33","article-title":"Two-dimensional MoS2: Properties, preparation, and applications","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12185","DOI":"10.1021\/nn503832j","article-title":"Electrochemistry of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: Strong Dependence on the Metal-to-Chalcogen Composition and Exfoliation Method","volume":"8","author":"Eng","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40697","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b13090","article-title":"1T-Phase Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (MoS2, MoSe2, WS2, and WSe2) with Fast Heterogeneous Electron Transfer: Application on Second-Generation Enzyme-Based Biosensor","volume":"9","author":"Rohaizad","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11103","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c05828","article-title":"MXene-Based Nanocomposite Sensors","volume":"6","author":"Riazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12785","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cp51901e","article-title":"Prospects for graphene\u2013nanoparticle-based hybrid sensors","volume":"15","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2011.07.005","article-title":"Graphene-based hybrid materials and devices for biosensing","volume":"63","author":"Artiles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, Z., Guo, Y., Liu, C.-H., and Gao, P.-X. (2013). Hierarchically nanostructured materials for sustainable environmental applications. Front. Chem., 1.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2013.00018"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12942","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00088","article-title":"Synthesis, Assembly, and Applications of Hybrid Nanostructures for Biosensing","volume":"117","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10904","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cp50922b","article-title":"Hierarchical CuO nanoflowers: Water-required synthesis and their application in a nonenzymatic glucose biosensor","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.126860","article-title":"Hierarchical Co3O4\/CuO nanorod array supported on carbon cloth for highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose biosensing","volume":"298","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s13206-018-2409-7","article-title":"Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Nanoflowers as Potent Materials for Biosensing and Biocatalytic Applications","volume":"12","author":"Tran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochip J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6537","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.9b01465","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Porous Ti3C2Tx MXene\u2013Graphene Hybrid Films for Glucose Biosensing","volume":"2","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.111343","article-title":"Flexible electrochemical glucose biosensor based on GOx\/gold\/MoS2\/gold nanofilm on the polymer electrode","volume":"140","author":"Yoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3349","DOI":"10.1039\/c1an15227k","article-title":"TiO2-decorated graphene nanohybrids for fabricating an amperometric acetylcholinesterase biosensor","volume":"136","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.08.004","article-title":"TiO2 nanoparticle modified organ-like Ti3C2 MXene nanocomposite encapsulating hemoglobin for a mediator-free biosensor with excellent performances","volume":"74","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034705","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4974085","article-title":"Superconductivity of monolayer Mo2C: The key role of functional groups","volume":"146","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17844","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CP02490K","article-title":"Electron transfer kinetics on natural crystals of MoS2 and graphite","volume":"17","author":"Bissett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1021\/nn103537q","article-title":"Electrochemistry of Individual Monolayer Graphene Sheets","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13008","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b04115","article-title":"Graphdiyne as Electrode Material: Tuning Electronic State and Surface Chemistry for Improved Electrode Reactivity","volume":"89","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"5406","article-title":"Protein conjugated carboxylated gold@reduced graphene oxide for aflatoxin B1 detection","volume":"5","author":"Srivastava","year":"2014","journal-title":"RCS Adv."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.1039\/c3nr32242d","article-title":"Electrophoretically deposited reduced graphene oxide platform for food toxin detection","volume":"5","author":"Srivastava","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"56518","article-title":"Antibody conjugated metal nanoparticle decorated graphene sheets for a mycotoxin sensor","volume":"6","author":"Srivastava","year":"2016","journal-title":"RCS Adv."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.201402403","article-title":"Mycotoxin Aptasensing Amplification by using Inherently Electroactive Graphene-Oxide Nanoplatelet Labels","volume":"2","author":"Loo","year":"2015","journal-title":"ChemElectroChem"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.11.087","article-title":"A sensitive biosensing method for detecting of ultra-trace amounts of AFB1 based on \u201cAptamer\/reduced graphene oxide\u201d nano-bio interaction","volume":"175","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2018.07.195","article-title":"A novel ratiometric electrochemical assay for ochratoxin A coupling Au nanoparticles decorated MoS2 nanosheets with aptamer","volume":"285","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.09.025","article-title":"Label-free graphene biosensor targeting cancer molecules based on non-covalent modification","volume":"87","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.03.043","article-title":"Molybdenum disulfide field-effect transistor biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of DNA by employing morpholino as probe","volume":"110","author":"Mei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17639","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b03432","article-title":"Highly Sensitive and Reusable Membraneless Field-Effect Transistor (FET)-Type Tungsten Diselenide (WSe2) Biosensors","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2016.04.008","article-title":"Bacteriophage immobilized graphene electrodes for impedimetric sensing of bacteria (Staphylococcus arlettae)","volume":"505","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-019-3500-z","article-title":"An amperometric zearalenone aptasensor based on signal amplification by using a composite prepared from porous platinum nanotubes, gold nanoparticles and thionine-labelled graphene oxide","volume":"186","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5587","DOI":"10.1039\/C4AN01116C","article-title":"Highly sensitive impedimetric aptasensor based on covalent binding of gold nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide with good dispersity and high density","volume":"139","author":"Qian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17551","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b01693","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1 Electrochemical Aptasensor Based on Tetrahedral DNA Nanostructures Functionalized Three Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous MoS2\u2013AuNPs Film","volume":"10","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.04.058","article-title":"An electrochemical aptasensor based on gold nanoparticles dotted graphene modified glassy carbon electrode for label-free detection of bisphenol A in milk samples","volume":"162","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8011","DOI":"10.1039\/C4AY01478B","article-title":"A novel aptamer sensor based on layered tungsten disulfide nanosheets and Au nanoparticles amplification for 17\u03b2-estradiol detection","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201400504","article-title":"DNA Electrochemical Aptasensor for Detecting Fumonisins B1Based on Graphene and Thionine Nanocomposite","volume":"27","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2013.11.003","article-title":"Amplified impedimetric aptasensor based on gold nanoparticles covalently bound graphene sheet for the picomolar detection of ochratoxin A","volume":"806","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-018-2706-9","article-title":"Two-dimensional MoS2 as a nano-binder for ssDNA: Ultrasensitive aptamer based amperometric detection of Ochratoxin A","volume":"185","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2018.08.064","article-title":"An electrochemical aptasensor based on graphene doped chitosan nanocomposites for determination of Ochratoxin A","volume":"144","author":"Kaur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-019-3724-y","article-title":"Electrochemical determination of Salmonella typhimurium by using aptamer-loaded gold nanoparticles and a composite prepared from a metal-organic framework (type UiO-67) and graphene","volume":"186","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7551","DOI":"10.1021\/ac501335k","article-title":"Label-Free Voltammetric Aptasensor for the Sensitive Detection of Microcystin-LR Using Graphene-Modified Electrodes","volume":"86","author":"Eissa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.02.072","article-title":"Fabricating photoelectrochemical aptasensor for selectively monitoring microcystin-LR residues in fish based on visible light-responsive BiOBr nanoflakes\/N-doped graphene photoelectrode","volume":"81","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5570","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AN00704F","article-title":"A label-free electrochemical impedance aptasensor for cylindrospermopsin detection based on thionine\u2013graphene nanocomposites","volume":"140","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13230","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR02628H","article-title":"A generic amplification strategy for electrochemical aptasensors using a non-enzymatic nanoceria tag","volume":"7","author":"Bulbul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.05.089","article-title":"An electrochemical aptasensor based on functionalized graphene oxide assisted electrocatalytic signal amplification of methylene blue for aflatoxin B1 detection","volume":"244","author":"Goud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2020.114247","article-title":"Fabricating electrochemical aptasensors for detecting aflatoxin B1 via layer-by-layer self-assembly","volume":"870","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15113","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15113","article-title":"Cobalt-Porphyrin-Platinum-Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid Nanostructures: A Novel Peroxidase Mimetic System for Improved Electrochemical Immunoassay","volume":"5","author":"Shu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10686","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28959-w","article-title":"Fabrication of graphene film composite electrochemical biosensor as a pre-screening algal toxin detection tool in the event of water contamination","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4378","DOI":"10.1039\/c3an36883a","article-title":"A graphene-based label-free voltammetric immunosensor for sensitive detection of the egg allergen ovalbumin","volume":"138","author":"Eissa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.05.052","article-title":"A reduced graphene oxide-Au based electrochemical biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of enzymatic activity of botulinum neurotoxin A","volume":"220","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18170","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b18844","article-title":"Influence of Three Commercial Graphene Derivatives on the Catalytic Properties of a Lactobacillus plantarum \u03b1-l-Rhamnosidase When Used as Immobilization Matrices","volume":"10","author":"Garroni","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.02.045","article-title":"Nanographene-based tyrosinase biosensor for rapid detection of bisphenol A","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36422","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36422","article-title":"Novel amperometric glucose biosensor based on MXene nanocomposite","volume":"6","author":"Rakhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.07.055","article-title":"Forchlorfenuron detection based on its inhibitory effect towards catalase immobilized on boron nitride substrate","volume":"63","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b04395","article-title":"Synthesis of a Poly-l-Lysine\/Black Phosphorus Hybrid for Biosensors","volume":"90","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"17489","article-title":"Visible-light-activated photoelectrochemical biosensor for the detection of the pesticide acetochlor in vegetables and fruit based on its inhibition of glucose oxidase","volume":"7","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"RCS Adv."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13217","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b06230","article-title":"Binary Phosphorene Redox Behavior in Oxidoreductase Enzymatic Systems","volume":"13","author":"Sofer","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.01.014","article-title":"Investigations of an electrochemical platform based on the layered MoS2\u2013graphene and horseradish peroxidase nanocomposite for direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis","volume":"56","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.08.051","article-title":"Molybdenum disulphide and graphene quantum dots as electrode modifiers for laccase biosensor","volume":"75","author":"Vasilescu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.03.041","article-title":"Graphene-titanium dioxide nanocomposite based hypoxanthine sensor for assessment of meat freshness","volume":"89","author":"Albelda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5774","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b01364","article-title":"Two-Dimensional 1T-Phase Transition Metal Dichalcogenides as Nanocarriers To Enhance and Stabilize Enzyme Activity for Electrochemical Pesticide Detection","volume":"11","author":"Nasir","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8334","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NJ03460D","article-title":"Enzyme free detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) using ferrocene carboxylic acid labeled monoclonal antibodies: An electrochemical approach","volume":"40","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.12.021","article-title":"An electrochemical aptasensor for staphylococcal enterotoxin B detection based on reduced graphene oxide and gold nano-urchins","volume":"127","author":"Nodoushan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.02.039","article-title":"Electrochemical immunosensor for botulinum neurotoxin type-E using covalently ordered graphene nanosheets modified electrodes and gold nanoparticles-enzyme conjugate","volume":"69","author":"Narayanan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2019.113489","article-title":"Rapid and sensitive detection of Salmonella with reduced graphene oxide-carbon nanotube based electrochemical aptasensor","volume":"589","author":"Appaturi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.9b02345","article-title":"Laser-Induced Graphene Electrochemical Immunosensors for Rapid and Label-Free Monitoring of Salmonella enterica in Chicken Broth","volume":"5","author":"Soares","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.09.059","article-title":"Impedimetric immunosensor for the label-free and direct detection of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A using Au nanoparticles\/graphene-chitosan composite","volume":"93","author":"Afkhami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-020-4166-2","article-title":"An impedimetric immunosensor for determination of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus based on the nanocomposite consisting of molybdenum disulfide\/reduced graphene oxide decorated with gold nanoparticles","volume":"187","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.07.004","article-title":"Bridged Rebar Graphene functionalized aptasensor for pathogenic E. coli O78:K80:H11 detection","volume":"98","author":"Kaur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.03.014","article-title":"Rapid detection of single E. coli bacteria using a graphene-based field-effect transistor device","volume":"110","author":"Thakur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2013.02.093","article-title":"Ultrasensitive non-enzymatic and non-mediator electrochemical biosensor using nitrogen-doped graphene sheets for signal amplification and nanoporous alloy as carrier","volume":"97","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.06.070","article-title":"Multifunctionalized reduced graphene oxide-doped polypyrrole\/pyrrolepropylic acid nanocomposite impedimetric immunosensor to ultra-sensitively detect small molecular aflatoxin","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.06.080","article-title":"Amplified impedimetric immunosensor based on instant catalyst for sensitive determination of ochratoxin A","volume":"86","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.05.048","article-title":"Label-free ochratoxin A electrochemical aptasensor based on target-induced noncovalent assembly of peroxidase-like graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet","volume":"270","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B249","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0861904jes","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide Decorated with Few-Layered MoS2-Nanoroses and Au\/Pd\/Ag Trimetallic Nanoparticles for Ultrasensitive Label-Free Immunosensing Platforms","volume":"166","author":"Sharifuzzaman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.11.070","article-title":"Layered molybdenum selenide stacking flower-like nanostructure coupled with guanine-rich DNA sequence for ultrasensitive ochratoxin A aptasensor application","volume":"225","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.1039\/C8AY00758F","article-title":"Preparation of an OTA aptasensor based on a metal\u2013organic framework","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.05.006","article-title":"Magneto-controlled electrochemical immunoassay of brevetoxin B in seafood based on guanine-functionalized graphene nanoribbons","volume":"38","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201600652","article-title":"Development of an Electrochemical Biosensor for the Rapid Detection of Saxitoxin Based on Air Stable Lipid Films with Incorporated Anti-STX Using Graphene Electrodes","volume":"29","author":"Bratakou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7593","DOI":"10.1039\/c2nr32146g","article-title":"A graphene-based electrochemical competitive immunosensor for the sensitive detection of okadaic acid in shellfish","volume":"4","author":"Eissa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-018-3005-1","article-title":"Two-dimensional nanomaterial based sensors for heavy metal ions","volume":"185","author":"Gan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.12.065","article-title":"An intriguing signal-off responsive photoelectrochemical aptasensor for ultrasensitive detection of microcystin-LR and its mechanism study","volume":"259","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70384-5","article-title":"Probing the influence of graphene oxide sheets size on the performance of label-free electrochemical biosensors","volume":"10","author":"Eissa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.01.030","article-title":"A molybdenum disulfide\/gold nanorod composite-based electrochemical immunosensor for sensitive and quantitative detection of microcystin-LR in environmental samples","volume":"244","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.03.154","article-title":"Ultrasensitive enzyme-free electrochemical immunosensor for microcystin-LR using molybdenum disulfide\/gold nanoclusters nanocomposites as platform and Au@Pt core-shell nanoparticles as signal enhancer","volume":"266","author":"Pang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.03.056","article-title":"Phosphorene-gold nanocomposite based microfluidic aptasensor for the detection of okadaic acid","volume":"135","author":"Ramalingam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.6b00608","article-title":"Reduced Graphene Oxide Modified Electrodes for Sensitive Sensing of Gliadin in Food Samples","volume":"1","author":"Chekin","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.01.011","article-title":"Sensitive amperometric biosensor for phenolic compounds based on graphene\u2013silk peptide\/tyrosinase composite nanointerface","volume":"44","author":"Qu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2014.11.004","article-title":"Functional graphene-gold nano-composite fabricated electrochemical biosensor for direct and rapid detection of bisphenol A","volume":"853","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201500448","article-title":"Enhanced Biosensing of Bisphenol A Using a Nanointerface Based on Tyrosinase\/Reduced Graphene Oxides Functionalized with Ionic Liquid","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-020-4223-x","article-title":"A layered nanocomposite of laccase, chitosan, and Fe3O4 nanoparticles-reduced graphene oxide for the nanomolar electrochemical detection of bisphenol A","volume":"187","author":"Fernandes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16533","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b05008","article-title":"Response Characteristics of Bisphenols on a Metal\u2013Organic Framework-Based Tyrosinase Nanosensor","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.10.010","article-title":"3D metal-organic framework as highly efficient biosensing platform for ultrasensitive and rapid detection of bisphenol A","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2020.06.062","article-title":"Promotion effect of Zn on 2D bimetallic NiZn metal organic framework nanosheets for tyrosinase immobilization and ultrasensitive detection of phenol","volume":"1127","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201808846","article-title":"Pnictogen-Based Enzymatic Phenol Biosensors: Phosphorene, Arsenene, Antimonene, and Bismuthene","volume":"58","author":"Sofer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034002","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1583\/ab8919","article-title":"Aerosol-jet-printed graphene electrochemical histamine sensors for food safety monitoring","volume":"7","author":"Parate","year":"2020","journal-title":"2D Mater."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.10.024","article-title":"Electrochemical detection of monosodium glutamate in foodstuffs based on Au@MoS2\/chitosan modified glassy carbon electrode","volume":"276","author":"Devi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-020-04299-3","article-title":"Synergy between nanozymes and natural enzymes on the hybrid MoS2 nanosheets\/graphite microfiber for enhanced voltammetric determination of hydrogen peroxide","volume":"187","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13831","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b02803","article-title":"Immobilization on Metal-Organic Framework Engenders High Sensitivity for Enzymatic Electrochemical Detection","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14665","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b00702","article-title":"Three MOF-Templated Carbon Nanocomposites for Potential Platforms of Enzyme Immobilization with Improved Electrochemical Performance","volume":"10","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.08.016","article-title":"3D origami electrochemical device for sensitive Pb2+ testing based on DNA func-tionalized iron-porphyrinic metal-organic framework","volume":"87","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1901190","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201901190","article-title":"A MXene-Based Wearable Biosensor System for High-Performance In Vitro Perspiration Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Lei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/10\/3369\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:59:58Z","timestamp":1760162398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/10\/3369"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"references-count":168,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s21103369"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21103369","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]}}}