{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T04:35:32Z","timestamp":1773981332279,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010981","name":"\u00d6sterreichische Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Neurowissenschaften","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FWF; Y777"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FWF; Y777"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010981","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Doctoral College \u201cImaging the Mind\u201d at the University of Salzburg","award":["FWF, W1233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FWF, W1233"]}]},{"name":"FWF Erwin-Schr\u00f6dinger grant","award":["J-4243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J-4243"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Past research has demonstrated differential responses of the brain during sleep in response especially to variations in paralinguistic properties of auditory stimuli, suggesting they can still be processed \u201coffline\u201d. However, the nature of the underlying mechanisms remains unclear. Here, we therefore used multivariate pattern analyses to directly test the similarities in brain activity among different sleep stages (non-rapid eye movement stages N1-N3, as well as rapid-eye movement sleep REM, and wake). We varied stimulus salience by manipulating subjective (own vs. unfamiliar name) and paralinguistic (familiar vs. unfamiliar voice) salience in 16 healthy sleepers during an 8-h sleep opportunity. Paralinguistic salience (i.e., familiar vs. unfamiliar voice) was reliably decoded from EEG response patterns during both N2 and N3 sleep. Importantly, the classifiers trained on N2 and N3 data generalized to N3 and N2, respectively, suggesting similar processing mode in these states. Moreover, projecting the classifiers\u2019 weights using a forward model revealed similar fronto-central topographical patterns in NREM stages N2 and N3. Finally, we found no generalization from wake to any sleep stage (and vice versa) suggesting that \u201cprocessing modes\u201d or the overall processing architecture with respect to relevant oscillations and\/or networks substantially change from wake to sleep. However, the results point to a single and rather uniform NREM-specific mechanism that is involved in (auditory) salience detection during sleep.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21103393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T03:28:36Z","timestamp":1620962916000},"page":"3393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Decoding Brain Responses to Names and Voices across Different Vigilance States"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Wielek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognition and Consciousness Research, Laboratory for Sleep, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2328-9612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Blume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognition and Consciousness Research, Laboratory for Sleep, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Birmannsgasse 8, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Wilhelm-Klein-Str. 27, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9272-349X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Wislowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognition and Consciousness Research, Laboratory for Sleep, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6037-662X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"del Giudice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Milano, 20146 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5899-8772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Schabus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognition and Consciousness Research, Laboratory for Sleep, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.05.056","article-title":"Standing sentinel during human sleep: Continued evaluation of environmental stimuli in the absence of consciousness","volume":"178","author":"Blume","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00177-7","article-title":"A differential brain response to the subject\u2019s own name persists during sleep","volume":"110","author":"Perrin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. 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