{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T11:59:53Z","timestamp":1774353593222,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades, Spain","award":["Beatriz Galindo Program (Distinguished Researcher, BGP18\/00026)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Beatriz Galindo Program (Distinguished Researcher, BGP18\/00026)"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades, Spain","award":["CICYT 625 PID2019-107885GB-C31\/REI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CICYT 625 PID2019-107885GB-C31\/REI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades, Spain","award":["MDM2016-0600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MDM2016-0600"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The investigation of the electromagnetic properties of biological particles in microfluidic platforms may enable microwave wireless monitoring and interaction with the functional activity of microorganisms. Of high relevance are the action and membrane potentials as they are some of the most important parameters of living cells. In particular, the complex mechanisms of a cell\u2019s action potential are comparable to the dynamics of bacterial membranes, and consequently focusing on the latter provides a simplified framework for advancing the current techniques and knowledge of general bacterial dynamics. In this work, we provide a theoretical analysis and experimental results on the microwave detection of microorganisms within a microfluidic-based platform for sensing the membrane potential of bacteria. The results further advance the state of microwave bacteria sensing and microfluidic control and their implications for measuring and interacting with cells and their membrane potentials, which is of great importance for developing new biotechnologically engineered systems and solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21103420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T02:31:34Z","timestamp":1621218694000},"page":"3420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["On the Wireless Microwave Sensing of Bacterial Membrane Potential in Microfluidic-Actuated Platforms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8912-6595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Jofre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Innovation, Fundaci\u00f3 Privada Hospital Asil de Granollers, 08402 Granollers, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya\u2014BarcelonaTech, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Llu\u00eds","family":"Jofre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fluid Mechanics, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya\u2014BarcelonaTech, 08019 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0547-901X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Jofre-Roca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya\u2014BarcelonaTech, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-008-9266-4","article-title":"Towards a single-chip, implantable RFID system: Is a single-cell radio possible?","volume":"12","author":"Burke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomed. 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