{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T15:16:35Z","timestamp":1769008595781,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extravasation is a complication of intravenous (IV) cannulation in which vesicant drugs leak from a vein into the surrounding subcutaneous tissue. The severity of extravasation depends on the type, concentration, and volume of drugs that accumulate in the subcutaneous tissue. Rapid detection of extravasation can facilitate prompt medical intervention, minimizing tissue damage, and preventing adverse events. In this study, we present two portable sensor patches, namely gold- and carbon-based sensing patches, for early detection of extravasation. The gold-based sensor patch detected extravasated fluid of volume as low as 2 mL in in vivo animal models and human clinical trials; the patch exhibited a resistance change of 41%. The carbon-based sensor patch exhibited a resistance change of 51% for 2 mL of extravasated fluid, and fabrication throughput and cost-effectiveness are superior for this patch compared with the gold-based sensing patch.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21103429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T02:31:34Z","timestamp":1621218694000},"page":"3429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Novel Conformal Skin Patch with Embedded Thin-Film Electrodes for Early Detection of Extravasation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ruiqi","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microelectronics, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138634, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3119-9545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramona B.","family":"Damalerio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microelectronics, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138634, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Choon Looi","family":"Bong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KK Women\u2019s &amp; Children\u2019s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Swee Kim","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KK Women\u2019s &amp; Children\u2019s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6322-1255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Yuan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microelectronics, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138634, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3352\/jeehp.2020.17.21","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of extravasation","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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