{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T02:56:51Z","timestamp":1774061811239,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]],"date-time":"2021-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wearable devices are used in rehabilitation to provide biofeedback about biomechanical or physiological body parameters to improve outcomes in people with neurological diseases. This is a promising approach that influences motor learning and patients\u2019 engagement. Nevertheless, it is not yet clear what the most commonly used sensor configurations are, and it is also not clear which biofeedback components are used for which pathology. To explore these aspects and estimate the effectiveness of wearable device biofeedback rehabilitation on balance and gait, we conducted a systematic review by electronic search on MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, PEDro, and the Cochrane CENTRAL from inception to January 2020. Nineteen randomized controlled trials were included (Parkinson\u2019s n = 6; stroke n = 13; mild cognitive impairment n = 1). Wearable devices mostly provided real-time biofeedback during exercise, using biomechanical sensors and a positive reinforcement feedback strategy through auditory or visual modes. Some notable points that could be improved were identified in the included studies; these were helpful in providing practical design rules to maximize the prospective of wearable device biofeedback rehabilitation. Due to the current quality of the literature, it was not possible to achieve firm conclusions about the effectiveness of wearable device biofeedback rehabilitation. However, wearable device biofeedback rehabilitation seems to provide positive effects on dynamic balance and gait for PwND, but higher-quality RCTs with larger sample sizes are needed for stronger conclusions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21103444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T02:31:34Z","timestamp":1621218694000},"page":"3444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Wearable Devices for Biofeedback Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis to Design Application Rules and Estimate the Effectiveness on Balance and Gait Outcomes in Neurological Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Bowman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20019 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, 56121 Pisa, Italy"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Gervasoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20019 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Arienti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20019 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9576-2459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Lazzarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20019 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1878-2747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Negrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University \u201cLa Statale\u201d, 20100 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20100 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9833-4401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Crea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20019 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, 56121 Pisa, Italy"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Cattaneo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20019 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Physiopathology and Transplants, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Carrozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20019 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, 56121 Pisa, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12466","article-title":"Comparison of upright balance in stroke, Parkinson and multiple sclerosis","volume":"133","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. 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